Multiple Choice Questions

1) Mania involves:

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b)
c)
d)
Correct! Mania: An emotion characterised by boundless, frenzied energy and feelings of euphoria.Incorrect.
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2) Depressed individuals exhibit which of the following symptoms?

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b)
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d)
Correct! Depression: A mood disorder involving emotional, motivational, behavioural, physical and cognitive symptoms.Incorrect.
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3) Which of the following is a behavioural symptom exhibited by individuals suffering unipolar depression?

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b)
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d)
Correct! Unipolar Depression: A psychological disorder characterised by relatively extended periods of clinical depression which cause significant distress to the individual and impairment in social or occupational functioning.Incorrect.
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4) DSM-IV-TR criteria for a major depressive episode includes which of the following?

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b)
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Correct! Major Depression: A psychological problems characterised by relatively extended periods of clinical depression which cause significant distress to the individual and impairment in social or occupational functioning.Incorrect.
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5) Which of the following is a chronic mood disturbance that can cause depressive symptoms, but does not disrupt normal functioning?

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Correct! Dysthymic Disorder: A form of depression in which the sufferer has experienced at least 2 years of depressed mood for more days than not.Incorrect.
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6) The experience of two years of hypomania symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a manic episode is known as:

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b)
c)
d)
Correct! Cyclothymic Disorder: A form of depression characterised by at least 2-years of hypomania symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a manic episode and in which the sufferer experiences alternating periods of withdrawal then exuberance, inadequacy and then high self-esteem.Incorrect.
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7) What percentage of adults who live in temperate climates are affected by Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)?

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Correct! Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): A condition of regularly occurring depressions in winter with a remission the following spring or summer.Incorrect.
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8) Physical symptoms of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) include which of the following?

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b)
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d)
Correct! Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS): A disorder characterised by depression and mood fluctuations together with physical symptoms such as extreme fatigue, muscle pain, chest pain, headaches, and noise and light sensitivity.Incorrect.
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9) In DSM-IV-TR Bipolar I disorder includes which of the following symptoms?

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b)
c)
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Correct! Bipolar Disorder: A psychological disorder characterised by periods of mania that alternate with periods of depression.Incorrect.
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10) In Bipolar II Disorder, major depressive episodes alternate with periods of:

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b)
c)
d)
Correct! Hypomania: Mild episodes of mania.Incorrect.
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11) In Major Depression, which of the following is a significant neurotransmitter?

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b)
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Correct! Serotonin: An important brain neurotransmitter.Incorrect.
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12) Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated specifically with Bipolar Disorder:

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b)
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d)
Correct! Norepinephrine: An adrenal hormone which functions as a neurotransmitter and is also used as a drug to raise blood pressure.Incorrect.
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13) Lower levels of activation in the Prefrontal Cortex results in:

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b)
c)
d)
Correct! Prefrontal Cortex: An area of the brain which is important in maintaining representations of goals and the means to achieve them.Incorrect.
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14) Decreased activation in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) results in which of the following?

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b)
c)
d)
Correct! Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC): The frontal part of the cingulate cortex, which resembles a "collar" form around the Corpus callosum, which is used for the relay of neural signals between the right and left hemispheres of the brain.Incorrect.
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15) In depression deficits in Hippocampal function may result in:

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b)
c)
d)
Correct! Hippocampus: A part of the brain which is important in adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion and is also critical in learning about the context of affective reactions.Incorrect.
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16) Structural and functional abnormalities in the Amygdala have been found to be associated with Major Depression The role of the Amygdala is to:

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b)
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Correct! Amygdala: An area of the brain which plays an important role in directing attention to affectively salient stimuli and prioritising the processing of such stimuli.Incorrect.
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17) In Major Depression, hippocampal abnormalities are regularly linked with which of the following?

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b)
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d)
Correct! Cortisol: An adrenocortical hormone.Incorrect.
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18) According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the first stage of response to loss is called introjection where the individual regresses to:

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d)
Correct! Oral stage: According to Freud, the first 18 months of life is based on the child's need for food from the mother. If the mother fails to satisfy these oral needs, the child may become fixated at this stage and in later life display 'oral stage characteristics' such as extreme dependence on others.Incorrect.
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19) In psychoanalytic theories of depression, introjection is a problem because?

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b)
c)
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Correct! Introjection: A response to a loss where the individual regresses to the oral stage of development, and this allows them to integrate the identity of the person they have lost with their own.Incorrect.
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20) Which of the following is a concept proposed by Freud to counteract the theoretical problems of introjection?

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b)
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Correct! Symbolic loss: A Freudian concept whereby other kinds of losses within one's life (e.g. losing a job) are viewed as equivalent to losing a loved one.Incorrect.
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21) According to Garber & Flynn (2001), affectionless control is a type of parenting style characterized by which of the following?

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b)
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d)
Correct! Affectionless control: A type of parenting characterised by high levels of overprotection combined with a lack of warmth and care.Incorrect.
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22) Which of the following is one of the most influential theories of depression?

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Correct! Beck's Cognitive Therapy: A theory that argues that depression is maintained by a 'negative schema' that leads depressed individuals to hold negative views about themselves, their future and the world (the 'negative triad').Incorrect.
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23) Beck's Cognitive Theory proposes that individuals suffering from depression have developed:

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c)
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Correct! Negative Schema: A set of beliefs that tends individuals toward viewing the world and themselves in a negative way.Incorrect.
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24) Which of the following is a systematic bias in thinking as outlined in Beck's negative triad of beliefs?

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b)
c)
d)
Correct! Negative Triad: A theory of depression in which depressed people hold negative views of themselves (e.g. "I am unattractive"), negative views of their future (e.g. “I will never achieve anything”), and of the world (e.g. “the world is a dangerous and unsupportive place”).Incorrect.
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25) Seligman's theory of depression proposed that life experiences could give rise to a cognitive set termed:

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d)
Correct! Learned Helplessness: A theory of depression that argues that people become depressed following unavoidable negative life events because these events give rise to a cognitive set that makes individuals learn to become 'helpless', lethargic and depressed.Incorrect.
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26) In which of the following cases has Learned Helplessness Theory been applied to depression?

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b)
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Correct! Battered Woman Syndrome: A view that that a pattern of repeated partner abuse leads battered women to believe that they are powerless to change their situation.Incorrect.
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27) Attribution Theory of depression proposes that those who are likely to become depressed attribute negative life events in which of the following ways?

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Correct! Attribution Theories: Theories of depression which suggest that people who are likely to become depressed attribute negative life events to internal, stable, and global factors.Incorrect.
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28) Hopelessness Theory proposes that depression can be predicted by:

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Correct! Hopelessness Theory: A theory of depression in which individuals exhibit an expectation that positive outcomes will not occur, negative outcomes will occur, and that the individual has no responses available that will change this state of affairs.Incorrect.
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29) What percent of individuals taking tricyclic drugs show improvement?

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Correct! Tricyclic Antidepressants: Antidepressant drugs developed in the 1960s which have their effect by increasing the amount of norepinephrine and serotonin available for synaptic transmission.Incorrect.
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30) One of the major drug therapies for Bipolar disorder is:

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b)
c)
d)
Correct! Lithium Carbonate: A drug used in the treatment of Bipolar Disorder.Incorrect.
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