1. Which of the following definitions of key terms in motivation is INCORRECT?

a) A reward is something an animal will work to obtain or achieve.
b) A punishment is something an animal will work to escape or avoid.
c) A voluntary behaviour is also called a Pavlovian response.
d) The term ‘work’ refers to a voluntary behaviour.

2. The functions of some peripheral factors in the control of eating can be demonstrated by the sham feeding preparation. But which of the following is NOT true? In the sham feeding preparation:

a) The animal tastes, smells and eats the food normally.
b) The stomach becomes full.
c) It becomes clear that the taste and smell of food provide the immediate reward for food-motivated behaviour.
d) It becomes clear that oropharyngeal factors do not of themselves make us feel satiated.

3. Experiments with rats, monkeys and humans using sham feeding have advanced our knowledge about food intake by demonstrating that:

a) Satiety and reward signals are necessary to control eating
b) Taste and smell stop food-seeking
c) Gastric distension is caused by sham feeding
d) Satiety motivates food-seeking behaviour
e) Satiety and reward signals are not necessary to control eating

4. Which one of the following findings would support the glucostatic hypothesis?

a) Rats have the same level of plasma glucose concentration just before meals as just after.
b) Injections of insulin provoke food intake.
c) Infusions or injections of glucose and insulin provoke feeding.
d) Infusions of a competitive inhibitor of glucose into the medulla reduce feeding.

5. Which of these statements is correct, regarding how damage to the brain affects eating?

a) Since the early twentieth century, we have known that damage to the base of the brain can influence food intake and body weight.
b) One critical region regulating food intake and body weight is the ventromedial amygdala.
c) Damage to both sides of the ventromedial hypothalamus can lead to anorexia.
d) Damage to both sides of the lateral hypothalamus can lead to obesity.

6. Long-term regulation of body weight and fat has been associated with the following hormone:

a) Hypothalamus
b) Estrogen
c) Cortisol
d) Leptin
e) Angiotensin II

7. Which of the following is NOT the case with respect to a primate’s secondary cortical taste area?

a) It is also known as the orbitofrontal cortex.
b) There is no modulation of taste responses in the secondary taste-processing region of the brain.
c) As satiety develops, neuronal activity in the secondary taste cortex appears to make food less acceptable and less pleasant.
d) Electrical stimulation in the secondary taste cortex produces reward.

8. The orbitofrontal cortex:

Has critical implications for survival.
Serves a reward-decoding function.
Plays a very important role in emotion.
Is not involved in learning which stimuli are foods.

a) 1, 2 & 3
b) 1 & 4
c) 2, 3 & 4
d) 2 & 3

9. Which of the following explanations for the problems of obesity targets environmental factors as the cause?

a) Sedentary lifestyles mean human beings take less regular exercise, which leads to excess weight
b) Human meal times tend to be fixed, which overrides body�s natural appetite and control mechanisms
c) Variety of modern foods encourage people to eat more by bringing immediate rewards of new tastes, smells and textures
d) Higher stress levels in contemporary society can lead to overeating.
e) All of the above

10. When thinking about the amygdala, which of the following do we find NOT to be the case?

a) Many of the amygdala’s connections are similar to those of the orbitofrontal cortex.
b) The amygdala has many connections to the orbitofrontal cortex.
c) Bilateral damage to the temporal lobes of primates, including the amygdala, leads to the Kluver–Bucy syndrome.
d) In the Kluver–Bucy syndrome, monkeys place only food items in their mouths but fail to avoid noxious stimuli.

11. Which of the following statements about thirst is UNTRUE?

a) When our bodies lose too much water, we feel thirsty
b) When we eat foods rich in salt, we feel thirsty
c) Cellular dehydration is sensed peripherally in the body.
d) The part of the brain that senses cellular dehydration is between the preoptic area and the hypothalamus.

12. __________ is the term that refers to a decreased volume of blood circulation, and it leads to the behavioural response of _________.

a) Cellular dehydration; thirst
b) Hypovolaemia; drinking
c) Cellular dehydration; drinking
d) Hypovolaemia; eating
e) Hypovolaemia; exercise

13. Why do we keep drinking even when our bodies are not deprived of water?

a) Wide range of drinks available stimulate desire to drink
b) We drink more when offered variety as opposed to only one type of drink
c) Eating can stimulate drinking behaviour
d) All of the above
e) None of the above

14. The pleasantness of touch is located in the _____________.

a) Human orbitofrontal cortex
b) Human renin-angiotensin system
c) Human hypothalamus
d) Peacock hypothalamus
e) Peacock orbitofrontal cortex

15. Which, if any, of the factors below has probably NOT influenced human sexual behaviour in evolution?

a) Women might choose a partner likely to provide reliability and stability.
b) Women might be attracted to men who are successful and powerful.
c) Men might guard the partner from the attentions of other men.
d) None of the above – all are true.

16. According to sociobiological explanations for sexual behaviour, women seek out partners who will provide the most _____________.

a) DNA
b) Sex
c) Parental investment
d) Sexual investment
e) Children

17. Current research considers human sexual behaviour to be motivated by what factors in the brain?

a) External sensory stimuli and organism�s internal state
b) Pre-optic area and estrogen
c) Interpersonal attraction and financial stability
d) Intelligence and physical attractiveness
e) None of the above

18. Which of the following are actual factors confirming the involvement of the preoptic area in the control of male sexual behaviour?

a) Lesions of the preoptic area can elicit copulatory activity.
b) Electrical stimulation of the preoptic area can permanently abolish male sexual behaviour.
c) Neuronal and metabolic activity is induced in the preoptic area during copulation.
d) Small implants of the female hormone oestrogen into the preoptic area restore sexual behaviour in castrated rats.

19. Some research suggests that women are more receptive to external sensory stimuli when they are what?

a) Most tired
b) Least hungry
c) Least fertile
d) Most hungry
e) Most fertile

20. Motivational states are states that lead animals to work toward __________.

a) Emotions
b) Goals
c) Society
d) Communication
e) Relationships