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 Multiple Choice

1. Identify the true statement from those given below. In the health psychology model:

a) The individual is seen as a passive victim of some external force, such as a virus.
b) By acknowledging of the role of behaviours such as smoking, diet and alcohol the individual can be held responsible for their health and illness.
c) The whole person is treated, and therefore the patient becomes fully responsible for their treatment.
d) Only the physical changes that occur due to ill health should be treated.

2. Which of the following do we know to be true of health psychology?

  1. Health behaviours seem to be important in predicting mortality.
  2. Health behaviours cannot help us to predict longevity.
  3. Health psychologists have turned to the study of health beliefs as potential predictors of behaviour.
  4. All of the above
a) 1 & 2
b) 2 & 3
c) 4
d) 1 & 3

3. All of the following factors contribute to individuals’ unrealistic optimism about their chances of getting an illness or other health problems except for _________________.

a) Lack of personal experience with the problem
b) Belief that the problem is preventable by individual action
c) Belief that the problem will not appear in the future if it has not yet appeared
d) Belief that parents’ health is the sole determinant of their health problems
e) Belief that the problem is infrequent

4. Which is NOT the case? The stages of change model:

a) Was originally developed by Prochaska and DiClemente in 1982.
b) Has been applied to several health-related behaviours.
c) Contains five stages which always occur in a linear fashion.
d) Examines how we weigh up the costs of a particular behaviour.

5. Based on the stages of change model developed by Prochaska and DiClemente (1982), if a person notices that she has been coughing a lot recently and begins to think about stopping smoking over the next six months, she would be at which stage of making behavioural changes?

a) Precontemplation
b) Contemplation
c) Preparation
d) Action
e) Maintenance

6. According to the health belief model, behaviour is a product of a set of core beliefs that have been redefined over the years. But which of the following is NOT one of these original core beliefs?

a) Susceptibility to illness.
b) Severity of the illness.
c) The costs involved in carrying out the behaviour.
d) Self-efficacy.

7. The original protection motivation theory claimed that health-related behaviours are a product of, and therefore predicted by, five components. But which of the following is NOT one of these?

a) Fear.
b) Severity.
c) Benefits.
d) Self-efficacy.

8. Based on the theory of planned behaviour, if the important people in your life want you to cut down on the amount of alcohol that you drink, what else needs to be in place in order for actual alcohol consumption to change?

a) Personal belief that reducing alcohol consumption will be beneficial
b) Perceive self to be capable of drinking less
c) Subjective norms are in place
d) All of the above
e) (a) and (b)

9. Using interviews with patients suffering from a variety of illnesses, Leventhal et al. identified several dimensions of illness beliefs:

  1. Susceptibility.
  2. Perceived cause.
  3. Consequences.
  4. Antecedents.
a) 1 & 2
b) 2 & 3
c) 3 & 4
d) 1 & 4

10. All of the following are behavioural risk factors associated with coronary heart disease except for _____________.

a) Stress
b) Type A behaviour
c) Diet and exercise
d) Hormones
e) Smoking

11. Consider the following statements: “If I get medicine from my doctor, my cold will go away.” “My cold was caused by being run-down.” What are these statements examples of?

a) Illness beliefs
b) Self-efficacy
c) Susceptibility
d) Behavioural intentions
e) Adherence

12. Which of the following is NOT true of stress?

a) The external environment is a potential stressor.
b) The response to the stressor is stress or distress.
c) The concept of stress involves biochemical, physiological, behavioural and psychological changes.
d) All stress is harmful and damaging.

13. Based on the work of James Pennebaker and colleagues, disclosing or expressing oneself through writing and talking has been associated with improvements on which types of health outcomes?

a) Immune function
b) Alcohol use
c) Number of doctor’s visits
d) CHD
e) (a), (b) and (c)

14. Which of the following statements about Lazarus’s theory of appraisal is FALSE?

a) Lazarus argued that stress involves a transaction between an individual and his or her external world.
b) Lazarus argued that a stress response is elicited if the individual appraises an event as stressful.
c) In primary appraisal, the individual initially appraises his or her coping strategies.
d) In secondary appraisal, the individual appraises the event.

15. According to Lazarus, the degree to which a potential stressor will produce stress depends on the role of which psychological process?

a) Coping
b) Appraisal of the stressor and how to cope with it
c) Sympathetic activation
d) Degree of fear
e) Appraisal of prior experience

16. Alarm, resistance and exhaustion describe three stages represented in which model of stress?

a) Life events theory
b) Self-regulatory model
c) Protection motivation theory
d) Selye’s general adaptation syndrome
e) Health belief model

17. We now know that health professionals may behave not just according to their education and training, but also according to their own ‘lay beliefs’. But which of the following beliefs has been indicated by research to influence the development of a health professional’s original diagnosis?

a) The nature of clinical problems.
b) The probability of the disease.
c) Similar patients.
d) All of the above.

18. Research has indicated that the beliefs of health professionals can affect the initial diagnoses that they make. Which beliefs have been identified as affecting the practice of health professionals?

a) Stereotypes of the illness or people with the illness
b) Perspective or philosophy of the professional
c) Seriousness of the disease potentially represented by symptoms
d) Prior knowledge of the patient
e) All of the above

19. The negative emotional experience resulting from a mismatch between the individual’s appraisal of a stressor and the individual’s ability to cope with the stressor is a common definition for which psychological phenomenon?

a) Fear
b) Susceptibility
c) Stress
d) Symptom perception
e) Internal health locus of control

20. Psychology has an important role to play at all stages of chronic illnesses such as coronary heart disease (CHD). But which one of the following is usually NOT the case in terms of the psychology behind such an illness?

a) Someone who believes that ‘lots of people recover from heart attacks’ may lead an inactive and sedentary lifestyle.
b) If someone has a history of heart attacks in their family and is resigned to that fate, that person is more likely to develop the illness either by affecting behaviour or by having an impact on the immune system.
c) A person who copes with their illness by taking definite action and making plans about how to prevent it from deteriorating is in a state of denial and may make the situation worse.
d) Believing that a heart attack is due to a genetic weakness rather than a product of lifestyle may mean that a person is less likely to attend a rehabilitation class and be less likely to try and change the way they behave.

 

 

Copyright 2005 BPS Blackwell