1. Social facilitation refers to an increase in dominant responses in the presence of others of the same species, leading to:

a) Improved performance on both well-learned/easy tasks and poorly learned/difficult tasks.
b) Improved performance on well-learned/easy tasks and deterioration in performance on poorly learned/difficult tasks.
c) Deterioration in performance on well-learned/easy tasks and improved performance on poorly learned/difficult tasks.
d) Deterioration in performance on both well-learned/easy tasks and poorly learned/difficult tasks.

2. According to Zajonc�s social facilitation model, what factor facilitates the expression or inhibition of dominant responses?

a) The task performed
b) Prior experience
c) Presence of others
d) Group identity
e) All of the above

3. The widely reported murder of Kitty Genovese in New York in 1964, in which 38 people admitted witnessing the murder but not a single person went to her aid, was an example of which social-psychological phenomenon?

a) Bystander intervention.
b) Social facilitation.
c) Bystander apathy.
d) Equity theory.

4. According to research by Latane and Darley, why did witnesses fail to intervene and help Kitty Genovese before she was murdered?

a) Ignorance about how others interpreted the situation
b) Diffusion of responsibility made individuals feel less responsible
c) There were no authority figures present
d) Fear of feeling embarrassed by acting inappropriately in front of others
e) (a), (b) and (d)

5. Which of the following is true of Milgram�s (1963) study of obedience? The study found that:

a) Quite ordinary people taking part in a laboratory experiment were not prepared to administer electric shocks just because an experimenter told them to do so.
b) Participants believed that the shocks they administered would not harm anyone.
c) Apparently pathological behaviour may not be due to individual pathology but to particular social circumstances.
d) None of the above.

6. What were the conclusions drawn about ordinary people based on Milgram�s famous study of obedience?

a) People will engage in high levels of destructive obedience when faced with strong situational pressures
b) People will engage in low levels of destructive obedience when faced with strong situational pressures
c) People�s personality is the strongest determinant of obedient behaviour
d) People will challenge authority figures when they become distressed by their commands
e) (c) and (d)

7. Which one of the following statements about social support is true?

a) Social support in a broad social network impacts positively on health and stress.
b) Social support in small groups helps one resist pressures to comply with an outside majority or to obey an immoral authority.
c) Both (a) and (b).
d) Neither (a) nor (b).

8. According to Rusbult�s investment model for relationships, which factor is most significant for maintaining successful intimate relationships?

a) Mutual support
b) Commitment to relationship
c) Being in love
d) Mutual understanding
e) All of the above

9. Which of the following are characteristics of an unhappy couple?

Retaliation
High equity.
Reciprocation.
Open about differences.

a) 1 & 2
b) 3 & 4
c) 1 & 3
d) 2 & 4

10. Why did Zimbardo and his collaborators (1982) have to terminate their Stanford Prison Study?

a) The participants were not conforming to their roles.
b) The guards were not prepared to harass, humiliate and intimidate the prisoners.
c) The prisoners increasingly showed signs of individual and group disintegration.
d) The experiment was set in a real prison with real prisoners, which raised a fierce human rights debate.

11. In centralized networks:

a) Complex tasks are dealt with reliably.
b) Peripheral members can feel a loss of autonomy on simple tasks.
c) Delays and miscommunications can occur on complex tasks.
d) Free communication is allowed among all roles.

12. Sherif�s autokinetic experiments and Asch�s line studies demonstrated the power of which social psychological factor on the degree to which people conform?

a) Group identity
b) Individual norms
c) Individual identity
d) Group norms
e) Social loafing

13. In the 1957 Sidney Lumet film Twelve Angry Men, 12 jurors have to decide over the guilt or innocence of a young man charged with the murder of his father. At the outset, all but one of the jurors are convinced of the youth�s guilt. The lone juror (played by Henry Fonda) actively attempts to change their minds, standing firm, committed, self-confident and unwavering. One by one the other jurors change sides, until in the end they all agree that the accused is not guilty. Which form of social influence is this an example of?

a) Conformity.
b) Minority influence.
c) Normative influence.
d) Informational influence.

14. In 1986, the decision of NASA officials to go forward with the launch of the space shuttle Challenger despite warnings from engineers to delay the launch is an example of the dangerous consequences of which social psychological process?

a) Brainstorming
b) Group polarization
c) Deindividuation
d) Groupthink
e) Conversion

15. Stroebe and Diehl (1994) conducted a clever piece of research into why brainstorming does not appear to enhance individual creativity. They hypothesized that, during a brainstorming session, because only one group member may speak at a time, other group members have to keep silent, and may be distracted by the content of the group discussion or forget their own ideas. Stroebe and Diehl termed this phenomenon ‘production blocking’, because the waiting time before speaking and the distracting influence of others’ ideas could potentially block individuals from coming up with their own ideas. The results of their subsequent study were clear-cut: participants generated approximately twice as many ideas when they were allowed to express their ideas as they occurred than when they had to wait their turn. But which TWO of the following can we infer from these results?

That �production blocking� does not occur in interactive brainstorming groups.
That �production blocking� is an important factor explaining the inferiority of interactive brainstorming groups.
That it may be more effective to ask group members to develop their ideas in one group, and then express them to another group.
That it may be more effective to ask group members to develop their ideas separately, and then express them in a subsequent joint meeting.

a) 1 & 2
b) 2 & 3
c) 1 & 3
d) 2 & 4

16. Which of the following are NOT necessarily characteristics of an authoritarian personality? People with authoritarian personalities tend to:

Have experienced harsh family rearing strategies.
Hate their parents.
Idolize power figures.
Strive for a changing world order.

a) 1 & 2
b) 2 & 3
c) 2 & 4
d) 1 & 3

17. Viewing people from different groups as individuals and viewing people from different subgroups (such as Scots and English) as members of a single superordinate group represent which two types of prejudice reduction strategies?

a) Intergroup contact
b) Decategorization
c) Recategorization
d) (a) and (b)
e) (b) and (c)

18. According to social identity theory, from what do we derive a large part of our identity and feelings about ourselves?

a) Where we were born
b) The amount of prejudice experienced
c) The groups we belong to
d) Competition between groups
e) None of the above

19. Research suggests that we seek out the company of others because of which motives?

a) To obtain information
b) To reduce anxiety
c) To compare ourselves with similar others
d) All of the above
e) None of the above

20. According to Tuckman�s five stage model of group development, which stage refers to the period of development when people struggle with each other over leadership and group definition?

a) Performing
b) Storming
c) Forming
d) Adjourning
e) Norming