1. Which of these four statements about self-report measures of attitude are correct?

Self-report measures can be affected by people’s desire to state socially desirable attitudes.
Contemporary research uses self-report methods when there is a question over people’s ability to rate their attitudes accurately.
Self-report measures have predicted a variety of relevant behaviours in past research.
Measures that have been designed to elicit attitudes without relying on self-reports still rely on overt behaviours towards the attitude object.

a) 1 & 4
b) 1 & 3
c) 2 & 3
d) 3 & 4

2. The three-component model of attitude formation includes:

a) Cognitions, beliefs, thoughts
b) Positive, negative, indifferent
c) Beliefs, truths and errors
d) Cognitions, emotions and behaviours
e) Behaviours, intentions, emotions

3. Which of the following definitions of important terms within the behavioural component of attitude structure is INCORRECT?

a) Counter-attitudinal advocacy involves presenting an attitude or opinion, within a role-play context, which opposes the person’s initial attitude.
b) Cognitive dissonance theory describes how people may feel an aversive tension when their behaviour is inconsistent with their attitude, and in order to reduce their discomfort, will change their behaviour to be consistent with their attitude.
c) Self-perception theory indicates that people may guess their own attitude from their behaviour towards the attitude object, particularly when they can see no external reasons for the behaviour.
d) Self-perception processes occur when people perform a behaviour that strongly contradicts their initial attitude.

4. Research by Fishbein and Ajzen has indicated that in order to demonstrate strong links between attitudes and behaviours, an assessment of several behaviours relevant to the attitude being measured is necessary. This type of assessment is referred to as the ____________.

a) Multiple-act criterion
b) Multi-behaviour criterion
c) Multi-attitude assessment
d) Attitude-behaviour consistency
e) None of the above

5. According to Ajzen’s (1975) theory of planned behaviour, behavioural intentions are influenced by:

The objective norms regarding the behaviour.
The attitude towards the behaviour.
Perceived control over performance of the behaviour.
All of the above.

a) 1 & 2
b) 2 & 3
c) 1 & 3
d) 4

6. Research by Festinger and colleagues demonstrated that when people were paid $1 for their participation in a dull task, they were more favourably disposed to the dull task compared to people who were paid $20. Which theory was put forth to explain why people alter their true attitudes to match their past or actual behaviours?

a) Attribution theory
b) Actor-observer effect
c) Cognitive dissonance theory
d) Theory of planned behaviour
e) Social learning theory

7. According to the theory of planned behaviour, what factors influence people�s intentions to act in specific ways?

a) Attitudes toward the behaviour
b) Subjective norms regarding the behaviour
c) Objective norms regarding the behaviour
d) Perceived control over performance of the behaviour
e) (a), (b) and (d)

8. According to McGuire’s (1969) information-processing approach to persuasion, a message will elicit the desired behaviour only if it succeeds at six stages. But which of the options below is NOT one of these stages?

a) Attention stage.
b) Retention stage.
c) Yielding stage.
d) Fielding stage.

9. According to Kelley�s covariation model of attribution, if Sylvia always laughs at comedians, then her behaviour would be described as having ____________.

a) High consistency
b) Low distinctiveness
c) High consensus
d) (a), (b) and (c)
e) (a) and (b)

10. Although the Jones–Davis (19610) and Kelley (1967) models of attribution view the social perceiver as a rational person, empirical research has discovered persistent biases in the attributional processes. Which of these is NOT one of those persistent biases?

a) The fundamental attribution error.
b) The actor–observer effect.
c) The self-serving bias.
d) The critical attribution error.

11. Identify the CORRECT statement with regard to the self-serving bias:

a) The strength of the self-serving bias is the same across cultures.
b) We tend to attribute our success to internal factors and our failure to external factors.
c) The usual explanation for the self-serving bias relates to cognitive factors.
d) Attributing success to external causes has been referred to as the self-enhancing bias.

12. How is the ultimate attribution error (UAE) different from the other pervasive attributional biases such as the fundamental attribution error, the self-serving bias and the actor-observer effect.

a) UAE underlies all the other biases
b) UAE refers to attributional biases that occur at the group level
c) UAE only applies to ingroups
d) UAE refers to attributional biases that occur at the individual level
e) (a) and (b)

13. Which of these statements is CORRECT?

a) People in non-Western cultures make the same kinds of attributions as people in Western individualistic societies.
b) The fundamental attribution error is not found in collectivist cultures.
c) Non-Western people do not make dispositional attributions.
d) Miller argues that different cultural representations of people are learned from cognitive and perceptual factors.

14. We know that before we can apply a schema to a social object, we have to categorize it. But which of the below statements about categorization is NOT the case?

a) We usually employ categories with little conscious effort.
b) Research on categorization stems from the pioneering work of cognitive scientist Eleanor Rosch and her colleagues.
c) The categorization of events is a more complex process than that of inanimate objects.
d) The instances in a social category that represent the category as a whole are referred to as exemplars.

15. Societally recognized mental representations of social groups and their members that include behavioural and trait characteristics about those social groups are referred to as ___________.

a) Role schemas
b) Person schemas
c) Actor-observer effects
d) Stereotypes
e) Biases

16. Devine�s work on the activation of stereotypes demonstrated that ___________ processing of information about people is beyond conscious awareness whereas _____________ processing of information about people is deliberate and conscious.

a) Automatic; controlled
b) Controlled; automatic
c) Schematic; revised
d) Subtype; evaluative
e) None of the above

17. What are the specific qualities of schemas that make them useful for organizing our experiences and information in the social world?

a) Schemas preserve cognitive resources
b) Schemas facilitate recall of information
c) Schemas are based on expectations and prior experience
d) Schemas can cue emotions
e) All of the above

18. Once developed and strengthened through use, schemas become integrated structures. Which of the following statements relating to the relationship between schemas and new information is also accurate?

a) Well-developed schemas change readily when faced with disconfirming evidence.
b) The idea of ‘exceptions to the rule’ is consistent with the sub-typing model model of stereotype change.
c) In the book-keeping model, disconfirming instances of the stereotype are relegated to ‘exceptional’ sub-categories that leave the overall stereotype largely intact.
d) The conversion model proposes that there is constant fine-tuning of a schema with each new piece of information.

19. Which of these are NOT features of stereotypes?

a) They only have a cognitive function.
b) They are ideological in nature.
c) They have symbolic meaning.
d) None of the above – all are correct.

20. According to research by Petty, Cacioppo and colleagues, people will process messages most carefully, and rely less on simple cues, when what is true about the message?

a) Message is memorable
b) Message is high in personal relevance
c) Message is humorous
d) Message is low in personal relevance
e) Message is not given by an expert source