1. What are the TWO major approaches to treatment of psychological disorders?

Biological.
Medical.
Chemical.
Psychological.

a) 1 & 2
b) 2 & 3
c) 2 & 4
d) 1 & 4

2. Until the late eighteenth century, people suffering from a psychological disorder were thought to be possessed by demons or evil spirits. Treatment was designed to alter the body in order to let out the spirits or make it an inhospitable habitat for them, and among the earliest of these was a technique in which part of the skull bone was removed to allow evil spirits out. But what was this technique called?

a) Ice pick lobotomy.
b) Trepanning.
c) Prefrontal lobotomy.
d) Bloodletting.

3. A very controversial treatment for severe depression is ____________.

a) Psychoanalysis
b) Lobotomy
c) Electroconvulsive therapy
d) Aversion therapy
e) Rational emotive therapy

4. What are the primary limitations of drug therapy to treat psychological disorders?

a) Not everyone responds to the drug
b) Major side effects experienced by some patients
c) Drug treatment does not help patients learn to cope with life experiences and stressors that contribute to the disorder
d) There are no known limitations of drug therapy to treat psychological disorders
e) (a), (b) and (c)

5. Anti-psychotics can have some potent side-effects. But which of the following is NOT a major side-effect of these drugs?

a) Tardive dyskinesia.
b) Blurred vision.
c) Diarrhoea.
d) Rabbit syndrome.

6. In the placebo effect:

a) The patient shows an improvement after being treated with a relevant medicine.
b) The patient’s condition deteriorates despite being treated with a relevant medicine.
c) The patient shows an improvement after being treated with an inert substance.
d) The patient’s condition deteriorates after being treated with an inert substance.

7. Which of the following is not a form of psychotherapy used to treat psychological disorders?

a) Cognitive therapy
b) Pharmacotherapy
c) Humanistic therapy
d) Behavioural therapy
e) Psychodynamic therapy

8. Free association, interpretation and analysis of transference are treatment techniques in which model of psychotherapy?

a) Humanistic.
b) Psychoanalytic.
c) Cognitive.
d) Behavioural.

9. Why is it difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic treatments?

a) Self-selection into therapy leads to biased samples
b) Creating true control groups for comparison
c) The number of possible treatment-disorder combinations to assess
d) Most patients do not give consent to participate in research
e) (a), (b) and (c)

10. Which form of psychotherapy has been shown to significantly decrease the relapse rate of patients with depression when administered after successful drug treatment?

a) Cognitive-behavioural therapy
b) Psychoanalysis
c) Behavioural therapy
d) Humanistic therapy
e) Rational-emotive therapy

11. Which is true? Behaviour therapy:

a) Is a mechanistic, impersonal procedure.
b) Combines psychoanalytic and psychodynamic thinking.
c) Is concerned with what the person does that causes distress.
d) Focuses on early experiences rather than the ‘here and now’.

12. Although it is generally recommended to begin with psychotherapy first to treat psychological disorders, for which group of patients would it be most beneficial to begin with drug treatments instead of psychotherapeutic treatments?

a) Drug abusers
b) Suicidal
c) Depressed
d) Psychotic
e) (b) and (d)

13. Flooding, reciprocal inhibition and covert sensitization are examples of techniques used in which type of psychotherapy?

a) Cognitive therapy
b) Behavioural therapy
c) Humanistic therapy
d) Family therapy
e) (b) and (c)

14. Which TWO of the following definitions of key features of Aaron Beck’s cognitive therapy are accurate?

Automatic thoughts are spontaneously generated thoughts associated with specific moods.
Automatic thoughts are spontaneously generated thoughts associated with specific situations.
In collaborative empiricism, the therapist formulates a hypothesis and then tests its validity himself.
In collaborative empiricism, the client is asked to formulate a hypothesis and then helps the therapist to test its validity.

a) 1 & 2
b) 2 & 3
c) 3 & 4
d) 2 & 4

15. Demonstrating unconditional positive regard toward patients is a critical component for which type of therapy?

a) Family therapy
b) Rational-emotive therapy
c) Client-centered therapy
d) Gestalt therapy
e) None of the above

16. In client-centred therapy, the importance of affirming the worth of the client is achieved by the exercise of which THREE therapeutic attitudes?

Unconditional positive regard.
Empathy.
Genuineness.
Confrontation.

a) 1, 2 & 3
b) 2, 3 & 4
c) 1, 3 & 4

17. Which of the following criticisms of family and couples therapies are valid?

These treatments are not as effective as most individual treatments for problems relating to family or relationship conflict.
The attraction of these therapies may reflect little more than the charisma of those who developed them.
Bona fide treatments only produce beneficial outcomes for a minority of cases in 20 sessions or fewer.
There has been a relative lack of research on many of these therapies.

a) 1 & 2
b) 2 & 3
c) 3 & 4
d) 2 & 4

18. What are possible reasons given to explain why 5–10% of patients deteriorate after ending psychotherapy?

a) Poor therapist-client relationship
b) Therapist incompetence
c) Therapy disrupts stable pattern of functioning
d) Therapy does not offer clients alternative coping mechanisms
e) All of the above

19. Is psychotherapy effective?

a) Yes, definitely.
b) Generally yes, but there are still some concerns.
c) Generally no, but there are some exceptions.
d) No, not at all.

20. According to research on psychotherapy�s effectiveness, at what point into psychotherapy can 50 percent of clients begin to experience beneficial effects?

a) 6 to 8 sessions
b) 10 to 15 sessions
c) 1 to 2 sessions
d) 25 to 30 sessions
e) None of the above