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1. To a large extent, heuristic reasoning overlaps considerably with the everyday idea of .




2. In the , people believe that they had a prior insight (‘I knew it all along’) and that an event was therefore not surprising.



3. Herbert Simon (1991) introduced the idea of that is, performing optimally with the limited data and time available to us.



4. How many of each sort of animal did Moses put on the Ark ? Ericson and Mattson (1981) reported that many people simply respond ‘Two’ to this question, even though they ‘know’ that it was not Moses who put the animals on the Ark (it was, of course, Noah). This effect has been dubbed the ‘ ’.



5. Extracting regularities from the environment – learning what goes with what, and how frequently or probably things will co-occur – is an important aspect of our survival skills. Yet there is a mass of evidence that people are rather poor at solving the kinds of problem that use this information. Are humans incapable of using information? Gigerenzer (2000; Gigerenzer & Hoffrage, 1995) suggest that it all depends on how the information is presented.



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