1. Which of the following broad domains can be studied by psychologists?

a) Developmental processes
b) Biological bases of behaviour
c) Social bases of behaviour
d) Cognitive and affective processes
e) Psychologists can study all of these domains

2. Identify the FALSE statement from the below:

a) Developmental psychologists investigate age-related changes, such as those occurring during child development and later life.
b) Clinical psychologists investigate the causes and treatment of psychological disorders, such as homosexuality.
c) Physiological psychologists investigate the association between physiology and behaviour/mind, such as the neural correlates of schizophrenia.
d) Cognitive psychologists investigate fundamental mental processes, such as attention, memory and perception.

3. What is the common, underlying view that unites the various subfields of psychology?

a) Cross-cultural psychology
b) Common sense
c) Empiricism
d) Behaviourism
e) Experimental Analysis

4. The beginnings of modern psychology were based on which of the following influences?

a) philosophy, physiology and psychophysics
b) The bystander effect, Milgram�s experiments and common sense
c) Dualism, materialism and behaviourism
d) None of the above
e) All of the above

5. It is most likely that hotter regions of the world witness more aggression than cooler regions because:

a) People in hotter regions have inherited the tendency to be more aggressive through their genetic make-up.
b) Environmental temperature can modulate the expression of aggression in everyone.
c) People in hotter regions have been socialized to behave in a more aggressive manner.
d) People who live in hotter regions are less technologically developed, more likely to suffer from brain damage and therefore more likely to be aggressive.

6. Cartesian dualism specifies that:

a) The body can interact with the mind via the pineal gland.
b) The mind can interact with the body via the pineal gland.
c) Both (a) and (b).
d) Neither (a) nor (b).

7. David Hume regarded the laws of association as being the mental counterpart of laws governing the physical universe. According to Hume, which of the following is NOT a fundamental law of association?

a) Similarity
b) Gravity
c) Contiguity
d) Causality

8. Herman von Helmholtz (1821–94):

a) Investigated the speed of neural impulses.
b) Suggested that thought and movement do not occur instantaneously as previously believed, but that thought occurs first, followed by movement.
c) Made significant contributions to sensory psychology, especially audition and vision.
d) All of the above.

9. According to many, the founder of modern day psychology and first ‘psychologist’ was:

a) Wundt
b) Fechner
c) Weber
d) Helmholtz

10. Which of the following school of thought would be most likely to reject the method of introspection to study human experience?

a) Behaviourism
b) Psychoanalysis
c) Structuralism
d) Functionalism
e) None of the above

11. Which of the following researchers had a profound impact in developmental psychology despite the limitations of his methodology?

a) Sigmund Freud
b) Francis Galton
c) Jean Piaget
d) B.F. Skinner
e) John Watson

12. What do Hermann Ebbinghaus, Francis Galton and Sigmund Freud share in common?

a) Each of them worked independently
b) Each of them were pioneers in the field of psychology
c) Each of them founded a formal psychology laboratory
d) Each of them developed novel observational methods to study how the mind works
e) (a), (b), and (d)

13. Ivan Pavlov:

a) Discovered that hungry dogs would bark at the sight of the person who brought them their food.
b) At first considered ‘psychic secretion’ to be a nuisance, but soon he realized that it revealed a very basic form of learning.
c) Went on to show that dogs could be trained, or conditioned, to salivate at the onset of an arbitrary stimulus (e.g. the sound of a bell) if it was preceded by an aversive stimulus such as a small footshock.
d) Provided psychology with a basic element, the response–response association – also used by Watson as the foundation of behaviourism.

14. Which of the following statements is true of Ebbinghaus?

a) He proposed an important theory about how memory works.
b) He founded an influential school of psychology.
c) His work stood the test of time, as his findings were later replicated by others and many remain valid today.
d) However, he was unable to convert (or ‘operationalize’) unobservable mental processes into observable behaviour.

15. Which of the following is FALSE regarding Piaget?

a) Piaget argued that a child understands an object by acting on it either physically or mentally and thereby constructs knowledge.
b) Infants develop cognitive structures or schemes, which are organized patterns of actions that reflect a particular way of interacting with the environment.
c) Cognitive structures of younger children, under the age of 7, reflect abstract mental operations.
d) The cognitive operations of older children allow them to realize that quantities remain constant (are conserved) despite changes in appearance.

16. The cognitive revolution in psychology was a response to the limitations of which school of thought?

a) Psychoanalysis
b) Behaviourism
c) Human information-processing
d) Gestalt psychology
e) All of the above

17. The human information-processing approach and the connectionist approach disagree with each other about how information is processed. How does the connectionist approach differ from the human information-processing approach?

a) Connectionists can study the brain as it naturally occurs in real life situations
b) Connectionists assume cognitive systems function as a whole versus by single components
c) Connectionists support the idea of a central processor or control unit
d) Connectionists assume parallel versus serial processing of information
e) (b) and (d)

18. According to the information-processing framework, which of the following is NOT true?

a) Both the brain and the computer consist of millions of components, yet the behaviour of computers can be understood by studying the programs that run them.
b) A useful account of human behaviour is considered possible by using terms abstract enough to transcend the operation of the brain’s approximately 180 billion nerve cells.
c) From the human information-processing perspective, information delivered to the senses is translated into a cognitive code.
d) Two types of processing can occur: automatic processing, which is conscious, and controlled processing, which is unconscious.

19. Psychologists employ a variety of tools and methods to study human behaviour. Which of the following methods do psychologists rely on to make systematic observations and draw conclusions about human behaviour?

a) Speculation and common sense
b) Generalisation and common sense
c) Hindsight and experimentation
d) Controlled measurement and experimentation
e) Personal experience and collective wisdom

20. The study of psychology is most concerned with which field of scientific inquiry?

a) The science of philosophy
b) The science of behaviour and mental processes
c) The science of developmental processes
d) The science of physical processes
e) The science of emotional and mental processes