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Article
Approaches to Fast Speech
Rules - Revised
Wolfgang U. Dressler, University of Vienna
From Phonologica 1972, ed. Dressler and Mares
Wilhelm Fink, 1975, pp. 219 - 234
Sound files
The examples which are not marked are taken from Southern British, mostly
Standard. Of the other examples,
NI = Northern Irish, Ir = Irish, AE = American, AU = Australian. The others are not abbreviated.
Problems displaying phonetic
characters?
http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/home.htm
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1. CONTINUANT STOPS (NB. Sounds in bold are continuants)
Voiced
[ɨŋˈklʉdɨt] included (W. Country)
[ʤəsbi'gɪnɪŋ] just beginning
[nidədə'lɪtl]
needed a little
[pɹɒbəbli] probably
[tɛndstu'ɒpɚɛɪt] tends to operate (AU)
Voiceless
In these examples, the bold stops sound less continuant than
the ones with special symbols:
['bʌʂə] butter
[x'ləmbiə] Columbia
['miʂɪŋ] meeting
['ɒpɚɛɪʂɪŋ]
operating
['skɒtɪʃ]
Scotish (AU
['sixɪŋ] seeking
['sutəbl] suitable (NI)
['tɛɪxɨŋ] taking (Ir)
[vɪzɪtɪŋ]
visiting
Scots
2. DEVOICED VOWELS (NB. Vowels in bold italics
are devoiced)
[tɨdɨ'vɛləp]
to develop
[tʰ'vɪzɨʔpipl] to visit people
[jʉnɨvɚsːtɪ] university (NI)
[vɛʤtəbl]
vegetable
3. DEVOICED CONSONANTS
[ændtʰ]
and
[bɒndɨʃtəƟə'ʧɜʧ]
bondage to the church (AU)
[ʧɛɪnʧ] change
['fɨftɪn'jɪɹs] fifteen years (Scots)
[fɪftijɪɹz'ɔlt] fifty years old (AE
[fəðɛm'sɛlvs] for themselves
[gʉd'gɑit] good guide
[hjʉʧ]
huge (AE
['ɪməʤəs] images (AE)
[ɪnnozjɪɹs] in those years [underlined n
is dental] (AE)
[ɪn'ɐɪɹlənt] in Ireland (Ir)
[ɹɪ'sivtfɔɹ] received for (Scots)
[ðə'kwinhædtʰ]
the Queen
had
[θivs]
thieves
[tʉ'jɪɹsgo]
two years
ago (Scots)
[jɪəs] years
4. ð-ASSIMILATION
[ənætɪz'mɔ] and that is more
[ənnɛnnə] and then the [underlined n
is dental] (AU)
[fmnɪ'ɜli]
from the
early
[ɪnnæʔ]
in that
[ɪnəkɒntɹi]
in the country
(Ir)
[ɪni'ɛkspɛk'tɛɪʃn]
in the expectation
[ɪnə'wʊlt]
in the world
(Welsh)
[ɪn'nɪskɛɪs] in this case
[ɪnno˕zjɪɹs]
in those
years (AE)
[mɔɹɪmpɔɹʔnnəɹɪ'zʌlt]
more important than the result [both n’s are syllabic] (Scots)
[ɑnniɪ'tæljən]
on the Italian
(AE
[pɚ'swedɨdəm] persuaded them (Scots)
5. D-T-DELETION
D - deletion
[ə'blɒnwʊmɨn]
a blonde woman
[ənju'smɛlɪm]
and you smell him
[frɛns] friends
(Scots)
[hi'ɒʊpnəɔː]
he opened the door (syllabic n)
[ɹɛɪzðəsʌpə'zɪʃƞ] raise
the supposition (AU)
[tɛnztʊ'ɑpɚɛɪʔ]
tends to operate (AU
[ðəʧɐːlgɪsə'kɔl] the
child gets a cold (Black AE)
[ðəkɔlwɪndz] the
cold winds
[twɛʊvθaʊzngənmɚdɚs] twelve
thousand gun murders (AE)
[wɜlzɛkənɒmɨk]
world’s economic
[bəðːɛnɪsfɛɪshædnt] but
then his face hardened.
[kɔldisk'nɛɪdiən]
called East Canadian
[kə'læp'stɑɹs]
collapsed stars
['kɒmjʊnshʉ] Communist
who (AU
['kɒmpɒsip]
compost heap
[də'ɹɛkli] directly
(AE
[fɜslɪ] firstly
[ɪnnə'fɜʃpleɪs] in the
first place (Scots)
[ɪznənizi'plɑnʔ] isn’t
an easy plant (NI
[ɪznkəm'pʌlsəɹi] isn’t
compulsory (Ir)
[ɪs'nɐɾə] it’s
not a (AE
[ɪs'tulɛɪt] it’s
too late
[ʤəsaɪk] just
like
[lɛɪtɪs'mɛθɨt] latest
method
[nɛks'miʂɪŋ] next
meeting
['kɑmjʊnɨspɑɹti]
Communist Party (AE
[ðə'tɑlɨsmæn] the
tallest man (Welsh)
6. GLOTTAL STOPS
[əbaʊʔwaɪ]
about why (AE)
[bəʔnæø] but
no (NI
[kʌʔwəns] cut
once
[ɪndɨkɛɪʔðə] indicate
the (NI
[ɪznʔnioni] isn’t
the only
['nɛʔwɚkt] networked
(AE
[nɑʔ'faɪnd] not
find (AE)
[nɒʔlaɪʔli] not
likely
[aʊʔɹaɩʔ]
outright (AU
[ɹɨmoʔɛɹiəzs] remote
areas (Scots)
[tɑʔmi] taught
me (AE)
[ðæʔ'filɪŋðəʔ]
that feeling that..
7. H-DELETION
[ændi'sɛdhiwʊd]
and he said he would
[d'votɨdtuːm] devoted
to him (Ir
[hiwɪʃtiəd'ɑskt] he wished
he had asked
[maɪfɑðɚdhæd] my father’d
had had a prvious marriage
['tɔkɪŋtʉɚ]
talking to her
[ðæwiæd] that
we had (Ir
[ðɛnɪz'fɛɪs] then
his face hardened
[wɪʧəs'hæpənt] which
has happened.
8. NASALISATION
['aɪθɪ~ʔjʉ] I think
you (vowel followed by tilde is nasalised)
[kɑ~ʔɹɪlɪ] can’t
really
[do~ʔwɑntə] don’t
want to
[do~ʔlaɪk] don’t
like (AE)
['ɛntɹipɔɪ~ʔ]
entrypoint (AE)
[gɹæ~fɑðɚ] grandfather
(AE)
[ɪ~fækt] in fact
[wɪʧɑː~ʔkwaɪʔ]
which
aren’t quite
9. PALITALISATION
[bɛʧɚbɑtm'dɑlɚ] bet
your bottom dollar (Ir)
[ʤufil] do you
feel ...
[hæʤʉɛniaɪdiə] had
you any idea
[maɪbʊkðɪʃɪɚ] my book
this year (AE)
[ɹi'maɪnʤuəv]
reminds you of (Ir
[suʧu] suit
you
[sɪkʃɪəz'lɛɪt] six
years late
[ðəʧudɨskɹaɪb] that
you describe
['tɹiʧu] that's
how they treat you
[wʊʤu] would
you (Midland UK)
[jʉənʤɚs] you
and yours (NI
10. SCHWA ABSORPTION
['nɛɪʧɚðɨ] nature
of the
['pɔɹsln] porcelain
(Ir)
[ʃɨwz] she
was (Ir
[ðɪŋglɪʃ]
the English
[ði'fɪʃlz] the
officials
[tiːt]
to each (with ..) (Scots)
[tɹaɪntə] trying
to (Midlands UK)
[tɹaɪntə'tiʧ] trying
to teach (Scots)
['vɛɹisɪɹistɔɹi] very
serious story (Ir)
11. SYLLABIC CONSONANTS
Fricatives
[ɪn'fjʉʧɚf'pɒsɨbl] in future if possible
[p'sɛntɨʤɨz] percentages
[p'zɪʃn] position
[sɪgnɪfːɣənʔ] significant (AE)
[tsgənəbiə'lɪləbɪt] it’s going to be a little bit (AE)
Laterals
[dɑnl'dək] Donald Duck (AE)
['fɔklpɔɪnt] focal point
[lokl] local
(AE
[plɪɾɨkl'ɑɹdɪs] political artists (AE)
[ðə'plis] the police
[totli] totally
[wibliv] we believe (AE)
Nasals
[km'plɛsn(t)] complaisant
[kəmpnikɑː] company car (Midlands UK)
[dɛfnəʔli] definitely (AE)
[gəvmmənt'fəns] government funds [first m is syllabic]
[ɪm'pɔɹʔnʔ] important (AE
[pɹə'vaɪdɨdn'ɪnsaɪt] provided an insight
['sɛknd] second
[sɜʔni] certainly
[sm'pɛɪpəs] some papers
[wɪɹɔlnəɛɪmboːt] we’re all in the same boat (AE)
R
[ʧɐɹdi] charity (AU
[fɹəlɒŋ'waɪl] for a long while
[fɹʌs]
.... for
us
12. TAPS
[əbʊɾɛɪt'fʊt] about eight foot (Welsh)
[ənːɒɾəz'gʊt]
and not as
good
[bɪɾəv] bit of a (AU)
['bəɾən]
but an (Scots)
['bəɾaɪ] but I (AU
[bɵɾaɪ'maɪt] but I might
['sɪɾi] city (AE)
[km'junɨɾi] community (AE)
[ɛɪɾɚnaɪn] eight or nine (Ir
[gɪɾəbɪɾə'gɹoθ] get a bit of growth (NI)
[gɛɾɪŋ'ovəðə] getting over the (Scots
[ʤə'nɛɾɪk] genetic (Ir
[gɒɾəzfɑɹəz] got as far as
[ɪnstɛɾə'nɛɣəɾɨvfɯn] instead of negative fun (BAE)
['pæɾɚnəv]
pattern of (AE)
[pɹɪɾi'kɒnfɨdnt] pretty confident about that
['ʃuɾɪŋz] shootings (AE
['sɔɾəv] sort of
[swɛɹɾə'ɡɑd] swear to God (AE)
['vɛɾi] very
13. V-DELETION
['gælənzə'pɛtɹəl]
gallons of
petrol
[wənəðə'tu] one of the two (AE)
[aɪlə'mæƞ] Isle of Man (Ir
14. VOCALISED L
[bɔːga˔ɪm] ball game (Dorset
[fosnaɪn'gɛjɤ] force nine gale (London)