Contents
- Notes on Contributors
- Preface to the fourth edition
- Chapters 1-15
-
1 Introducing Social Psychology
- Introduction: Some Classic Studies
- What is Social Psychology?
- How Does Social Psychology Differ from Other Disciplines?
- A Brief History of Social Psychology
- The beginning
- The early years
- The years of expansion
- The crisis years
- Overcoming the crisis
- Social Psychology in Europe
- Social Psychology Today
- Summary and Conclusions
- Suggestions for Further Reading
-
2 Research Methods in Social Psychology
- Introduction
- Summary
- Research Strategies
- Survey research
- Experiments and quasi-experiments
- Qualitative approaches
- Summary
- A Closer Look at Experimentation in Social Psychology
- Features of the social psychological experiment
- Experimental designs
- Threats to validity in experimental research
- Social psychological experiments on the Internet
- Problems with experimentation
- Summary
- Data Collection Techniques
- Observational measures
- Self-report measures
- Implicit measures
- Choosing a measure
- Summary
- Summary and Conclusions
- Suggestions for Further Reading
-
3 Social Perception and Attribution
- Introduction
- Social Perception
- Summary
- Attribution Theory
- Correspondent inference theory
- Covariation theory
- Access to covariation information
- Knowledge, expectation and covariation
- Covariation and causal power
- Attributions for success and failure
- Attributional reformulation of learned helplessness theory
- Misattribution of arousal
- Attributional bias
- The naïve scientist metaphor
- Attributions as discourse
- Summary
- Social Perception and Social Reality
- Summary and Conclusions
- Suggestions for Further Reading
-
4 Social Cognition
- Introduction
- Jumping to Conclusions: The Automatic Pilot Within
- What makes a process automatic?
- The pervasive nature of social categorization
- Schemas: The next step in the process?
- Schemas and person memory
- Schema activation and behaviour
- Summary
- Going the Extra Mile: Regaining Cognitive Control
- Stereotype? What stereotype? Stopping the stereotype being
- ctivated in the first place
- Quashing the effects of stereotype activation once it has occurred
- Can schemas change?
- Summary
- Summary and Conclusions
- Suggestions for Further Reading
-
5 Self and Social Identity
- Introduction
- A taste of self
- Self and Identity as Social Psychological Concepts
- Summary
- Self-Concept and Self-Knowledge
- Self-schema
- Self-complexity
- Sources of self-knowledge
- Summary
- Continuity of Self Over Time
- Summary
- Self-Awareness
- Summary
- Self as Agent and Regulatory Process
- Summary
- Self-Evaluation and Self-Esteem
- Summary
- Self-Extension and Levels of Identity
- The social identity theory of intergroup relations
- Self-categorization theory
- Summary
- Cultural Impact on Self and Identity
- Summary
- Summary and Conclusions
- Suggestions for Further Reading
-
6 Attitudes: Content, Structure and Functions
- Introduction
- What is an Attitude?
- Summary
- The Content of Attitudes
- The affective component of attitudes
- The cognitive component of attitudes
- The behavioural component of attitudes
- Summary
- The Structure of Attitudes
- Summary
- Why Do We Hold Attitudes?
- Object appraisal
- Instrumental versus value-expressive attitudes
- Summary
- Linking Attitude Content, Structure and Function
- A question of content, structure and function: How stable are attitudes?
- Summary
- The Measurement of Attitudes
- Explicit measures of attitudes
- Issues relevant to the explicit measurement of attitudes
- Implicit measures of attitudes
- Are attitude measures reliable and valid?
- Summary
- Do Attitudes Predict Behaviour?
- When do attitudes predict behaviour?
- Models of attitude–behaviour relations
- Summary
- Summary and Conclusions
- Suggestions for Further Reading
-
7 Strategies of Attitude and Behaviour Change
- Introduction
- Persuasion
- Theories of systematic processing
- Dual-process theories of persuasion
- Advertising as applied persuasion
- Summary
- Incentive-Induced Attitude Change
- Counterattitudinal behaviour and attitude change
- Some paradoxical effects of incentives and sanctions
- Further limitations of the effectiveness of incentive-induced change
- Summary
- Summary and Conclusions
- Suggestions for Further Reading
-
8 Aggression
- Introduction
- Definition and Measurement of Aggressive Behaviour
- Observation of aggressive behaviour
- Obtaining reports of aggressive behaviour
- Summary
- Theories of Aggression
- Biological approaches
- Psychological approaches
- Summary
- Personal and Situational Variables affecting Aggressive Behaviour
- Individual differences in aggressive behaviour
- Situational influences on aggressive behaviour
- Summary
- Aggression as a Social Problem
- Intimate partner violence
- Sexual aggression
- Bullying in school and the workplace
- Summary
- Psychological Prevention and Intervention: What Can Be Done about Aggression?
- Summary
- Summary and Conclusions
- Suggestions for Further Reading
-
9 Prosocial Behaviour
- Introduction
- Helping, Prosocial Behaviour and Altruism
- Definitions and examples
- Summary
- Why Don’t People Help?
- When more is less
- The theory of the unresponsive bystander: Threefold inhibitions
- ‘Sorry, I’m in a hurry!’
- Summary
- Why Do People Help One Another?
- The evolutionary approach
- The individualistic approach
- The interpersonal approach
- Culture and society
- Summary
- Consequences of Receiving Help
- Summary
- Summary and Conclusions
- Suggestions for Further Reading
-
10 Affiliation, Attraction and Close Relationships
- Introduction
- Affiliation: The Need for Social Contact
- Situations fostering affiliation: When do people affiliate?
- Lack of affiliation, loneliness and health
- Summary
- Attraction and the Development of Friendships
- The physical environment
- The similarity of attitudes
- Physical attractiveness
- Friendship as a relationship
- Gender and friendship
- Summary
- Romantic Attraction
- Romantic love
- Individual differences in romantic love
- Summary
- Close Relationships: Satisfaction and Dissolution
- Satisfaction in relationships
- Commitment in relationships
- The consequences of break-ups
- Summary
- Summary and Conclusions
- Suggestions for Further Reading
-
11 Social Influence
- Introduction
- Incidental Social Influence
- Social facilitation
- The impact of social norms
- Summary
- Why Does Social Influence Occur?
- Summary
- Deliberate Social Influence
- Compliance
- The influence of numerical majorities and minorities
- Group polarization
- Groupthink
- Obedience to authority
- Summary
- Summary and Conclusions
- Suggestions for Further Reading
-
12 The Psychology of Groups: Basic Principles
- Introduction
- The Phenomenology of Groups
- Defining groups
- Why groups?
- Types of groups and group entitativity
- Summary
- Individuals in Groups: The Individual Level of Analysis
- Joining a group and group socialization: Becoming a full member
- Being in a group: Maintenance and role negotiation
- Leaving a group: Divergence and exit
- Summary
- Group Development and Structure: The Group Level of Analysis
- Group development
- On being similar: Norms, shared cognition and cohesion
- On being different: Status and roles
- Summary
- Groups in their Environment: The Intergroup Level of Analysis
- The intergroup context and the salience of group membership
- The intergroup context, group perceptions and social influence
- Summary
- Summary and Conclusions
- Suggestions for Further Reading
-
13 Group Performance and Leadership
- Introduction
- Some Core Concepts: Actual Group Performance, Group Potential and Task Type
- Actual and potential group performance
- Basic types of group tasks and their implications for group potential
- Summary
- Process Losses vs. Process Gains in Group Performance
- Types of process losses and process gains
- Summary
- Group Performance Management
- Three basic principles of group performance management
- Summary
- Leadership
- Approaches to the study of leadership
- Summary
- Leadership in Groups
- Group and task design
- Group synchronization
- Group development and learning
- Summary
- Summary and Conclusions
- Suggestions for Further Reading
-
14 Prejudice and Intergroup Relations
- Introduction
- Summary
- Explanations of Prejudice and Discrimination
- The prejudiced personality
- Realistic conflict theory
- Mere categorization
- Social identity theory
- Summary
- Intergroup Behaviour: Basic Processes
- Social categorization
- Identification and its components
- Intergroup perception
- Varieties of prejudice
- Intergroup motivation
- Summary
- Reduction of Intergroup Conflict
- Three models of contact between social groups
- Psychological processes in prejudice reduction
- Summary
- Summary and Conclusions
- Suggestions for Further Reading
-
15 Social Psychology in Action
- Introduction
- Applying Social Psychology
- Social psychology and its relation to the ‘real world’
- Applied social psychology and its relation to basic research
- Methodological differences between basic and applied social psychology
- Summary
- Social Psychology and Advertising
- Models of advertising effectiveness
- The dual-process perspective
- Summary
- Social Psychology in the Workplace
- Work outcome
- Job attitudes
- Determinants of job attitudes
- Summary
- Social Psychology and Health
- Behaviour and health
- Stress and health
- Summary
- Summary and Conclusions
- Suggestions for Further Reading
-
- References
- Illustration Sources and Credits
- Name Index
- Subject Index




