Multiple Choice Questions

1) In childhood disorders there are different types of problems such as Symptom-Based Disorders. One such disorder is known as enuresis, which means:

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Correct! Enuresis: The repeated involuntary voiding of urine during the day or at night into either bed or clothes.Incorrect.
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2) In childhood disorders there are different types of problems such as Symptom-Based Disorders. One such disorder is known as encopresis, which means:

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Correct! Encopresis: The repeated passing of faeces into inappropriate places (e.g. clothing or the floor), often associated with childhood constipationIncorrect.
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3) In childhood disorders there are different types of problems such as Symptom-Based Disorders. One such disorder is known as somnambulism, which means:

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Correct! Somnambulism: Repeated episodes of complex motor behaviour initiated during sleep.Incorrect.
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4) Which of the following is an area of psychology that is concerned with mapping how early childhood experiences may act as risk factors for later diagnosable psychological disorders, and attempts to describe the pathways by which early experiences may generate adult psychological problems?

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Correct! Developmental Psychopathology: An area of research that is concerned with mapping how early childhood experiences may act as risk factors for later diagnosable psychological disorders. It also attempts to describe the pathways by which early experiences may generate adult psychological problems.Incorrect.
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5) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a childhood disorder known as:

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Correct! Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is at a significantly higher rate than would be expected for a child at his / her developmental stage.Incorrect.
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6) Which of the following are risk factors for childhood psychiatric disorders?

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Correct! Risk Factors: Certain childhood or developmental experiences which may increase the risk of developing psychopathology later in lifeIncorrect.
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7) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the brains of individuals with ADHD have revealed a number of significant differences between ADHD sufferers and nonsufferers (e.g. Krain & Castellanos, 2006; Seidman, Valera & Makris, 2005). Evidence suggests that the brains of children with ADHD are smaller than those of healthy comparison children, with overall brain volume being smaller by an average of?

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Correct! Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): A development of MRI technology which allows the clinician to take brain images so quickly that tiny changes in brain metabolism can be detected and can provide minute-to-minute information about actual brain activity.Incorrect.
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8) Children with ADHD are known to have deficits in which of the following brain areas?

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Correct! Executive Functions: Cognitive skills that involve problem-solving, planning and engaging in goal-directed behaviour.Incorrect.
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9) Children with ADHD are known to have deficits in executive functioning, and specifically have difficulty inhibiting responses. Which of the following brain areas normally controls these types of functions?

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Correct! Frontal Lobes: One of four parts of the cerebrum that control voluntary movement, verbal expressions, problem solving, one's will power, and planning.Incorrect.
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10) Which of the following is an area of the brain that regularly exhibits abnormalities in association with ADHD symptoms?

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Correct! Cerebellum: The part of the brain at the back of the skull, which coordinates muscular activityIncorrect.
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11) The term Theory of mind refers to which of the following abilities?

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Correct! Theory of Mind (TOM): The ability to understand one's own and other people's mental states.Incorrect.
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12) Which of the following characteristics are present in conduct disorder?

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Correct! Conduct Disorder (CD): A pattern of behaviour during childhood in which the child exhibits a range of behavioural problems that include fighting, lying, running away from home, vandalism and truancy.Incorrect.
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13) Another disruptive behaviour disorder outlined in DSM-IV-TR is known as Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). ODD is a diagnosis usually reserved for those children who do not meet the full criteria for conduct disorder, but display which of the following?

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Correct! Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD): A mild form of disruptive behaviour disorders reserved for children who do not meet the full criteria for conduct disorder.Incorrect.
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14) Aggressive children also exhibit what is called a "hostile attributional bias" (Naseby, Hayden & DePaulo, 1979), where they will interpret ambiguous cues as signalling hostility, but also many cues which are generated by benign intentions. Once a hostile attribution is made, studies also suggest that the probability of an aggressive response is at what percent?

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Correct! Hostile Attributional Bias: The manifestation in which individuals will interpret not only ambiguous cues as signalling hostility, but also many cues which are generated by benign intentions.Incorrect.
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15) When children are exposed to uncertainty and stress early in their lives they may experience a range of emotions, including rejection, fear, confusion, anger, hatred, and misery. Consequently the individual may become withdrawn and inward-looking. This is known as:

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Correct! Internalising Disorders: Inward-looking and withdrawn behaviours, which in children may represent the experience of depression, anxiety and active attempts to socially withdraw.Incorrect.
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16) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is now recognised as a relatively common anxiety disorder found in childhood, with the main features of the disorder in children manifesting as intrusive, repetitive thoughts, obsessions and compulsions. In children, the most common obsession themes in children are:

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Correct! Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A disorder which is characterised by either obsessions - which are intrusive and recurring thoughts that the individual finds disturbing and uncontrollable, or compulsions - which are ritualised behaviour patterns that the individual feels driven to perform in order to prevent some negative outcome happeningIncorrect.
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17) According to Tracey, Chorpita, Douban & Barlow (1997), childhood Generalised Anxiety Disorder is differentiated from other forms of childhood anxiety due to being associated with significantly increased levels of:

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Correct! Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD): A pervasive condition in which the sufferer experiences continual apprehension and anxiety about future events, and this leads to chronic and pathological worrying about those events. Incorrect.
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18) Epidemiological studies have differed in their estimates of GAD in childhood populations. A UK study estimated the occurrence of Generalised Anxiety Disorder in less than what percentage of 5-10 yr olds?

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Correct! Epidemiological Studies: Research which takes the form of a large-scale survey used to study the frequency and distribution of disorders within specific populations over a specified period of time.Incorrect.
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19) Lichtenstein & Annas (2000) estimated the prevalence for specific phobias in 8-9 year-olds to be around what percentage for boys?

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Correct! Specific Phobias: Excessive, unreasonable, persistent fear triggered by a specific object or situation.Incorrect.
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20) In early childhood, depression will manifest as clingy behaviour, school refusal and exaggerated fears. It is also associated with an increased frequency of somatic complaints, such as stomach aches and headaches. Which of the following percentage of adolescents up to 19 years of age will have experienced a diagnosable episode of depression?

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Correct! Depression: A mood disorder involving emotional, motivational, behavioural, physical and cognitive symptomsIncorrect.
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21) DSM-IV-TR defines enuresis as the repeated, usually involuntary voiding of urine during the day or at night into either bed or clothes. To qualify for a diagnosis, the voiding of urine must occur at least twice a week for at least 3 months, and the child must be at least 5-years of age. Enuresis can be divided into primary and secondary. Which of the following describes secondary enuresis?

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Correct! Secondary Enuresis: Enuresis when bladder control is still problematic, but the child has been dry for a period of up to 6 months.Incorrect.
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22) According to von Gontard, Hollman, Eiberg, Benden et al. (1997), secondary nocturnal enuresis is frequently associated with a higher incidence of which of the following factors?

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Correct! Nocturnal Enuresis: Enuresis occurring during the night.Incorrect.
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23) Which is the most common form of stimulant medication for ADHD?

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Correct! Ritalin (methylphenidate): A stimulant medication that is used to treat ADHD.Incorrect.
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24) Which of the following is a widely-used classical conditioning method for treating nocturnal enuresis?

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Correct! Bell-and-Battery Technique: A widely-used classical conditioning method for treating nocturnal enuresis.Incorrect.
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25) Which of the following is behaviour technique that has been successfully adapted to treat anxiety-based problems in children?

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Correct! Systematic Desensitisation: An exposure therapy based on the need to expose the client to the events and situations that evoke their distress and anxiety in a graduated and progressive way.Incorrect.
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26) According to Fabiano, Pelham, Manos, Gnagy et al. (2004), an effective means of reducing disruptive behaviours including aggressiveness, destruction of property, and non-compliance in the classroom is?

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Correct! Time-Out (TO): A means of reducing disruptive behaviours including aggressiveness, destruction of property, and non-compliance in the classroom by removing the child from the situation and directing them, for example, to sit in a specific time-out chair for periods between 5 and 15 min.Incorrect.
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27) According to Kazdin & Weisz (2003), teaching parents to identify and reward positive behaviour also helps to prevent parents from focussing on the negative and disruptive behaviours exhibited by children with both ADHD and conduct disorder. This can be achieved through:

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Correct! Behaviour Management Techniques: Treatment methods which can be used in a range of environments, and can even be taught to parents as an aid to controlling and responding to their children in the home.Incorrect.
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28) Which of the following interventions is based on the view that childhood problems result from inappropriate family structure and organisation?

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Correct! Systemic Family Therapy: A family intervention technique based on the view that childhood problems result from inappropriate family structure and organisation, and the therapist is concerned with the boundaries between parents and children, and the ways in which they communicateIncorrect.
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29) Which of the following teaches parents a range of techniques for controlling and managing their children's symptoms, especially with children diagnosed with conduct disorder?

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Correct! Parent Training Programmes: A family intervention programme which attempts to teach parents a range of techniques for controlling and managing their children's symptoms, used especially with children diagnosed with conduct disorderIncorrect.
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30) Which of the following is a technique that can be used with younger children who are less able to communicate and express their feelings verbally?

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Correct! Play Therapy: A range of play-based therapeutic and assessment techniques that can be used with younger children who are less able to communicate and express their feelingsIncorrect.
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