David GibsonDesigns for greenhouse studies of interactions between plants
David J. Gibson, John Connolly, David C. Hartnett, & Jeffrey D. Weidenhamer
Journal of Ecology 1999 87(1), 1-16.
Appendix. Studies of interspecific interference conducted in a greenhouse reported in 10 leading journals from 1984 - 1993.
Authors |
Date |
Title |
Journal |
Vol., pages |
Design |
Factors Studied |
No. species |
Aarssen, L.W. |
1988 |
'Pecking order' of four plant species from pastures of different ages. |
Oikos |
51 , 3-12 |
Simple Pairwise |
Abundance, Site |
4 |
Aarssen, L.W. |
1989 |
Competitive ability and species coexistence: a 'plant's-eye' view. |
Oikos |
56 , 386-401 |
Other |
Genotypes |
2 |
Aarssen, L.W., & R. Turkington |
1985 |
Biotic specialization between neighbouring genotypes in Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens from a permanent pasture. |
J. Ecol. |
73 , 605-614 |
Simple Pairwise |
Genotypes |
2 |
Adcock, T.E., Banks, P.A., & Bridges, D.C. |
1990 |
Effects of preemergence herbicides on soybean (Glycine max): weed competition. |
Weed Sci. |
38 , 108-112 |
Simple Pairwise |
Herbicides |
1 |
Allen, E.B., & M.F. Allen |
1984 |
Competition between plants of different successional stages: mycorrhizae as regulators. |
Can. J. Bot. |
62 , 2625-2629 |
Simple Pairwise |
Fungi & Bacteria |
3 |
Antonovics, J., & N.L. Fowler |
1985 |
Analysis of frequency and density effects on growth in mixtures of Salvia splendens and Linum grandiflorum using hexagonal fan designs. |
J. Ecol. |
73 , 219-234. |
Fan |
Abundance |
2 |
Argyres, A.Z., & J. Schmitt |
1992 |
Neighbor relatedness and competitive performance in Impatiens capensis (Balsaminaceae): a test of the resource partitioning hypothesis. |
Amer. J. Bot. |
79 , 181-185 |
Simple Pairwise |
Genotypes |
1 |
Austin, M.P., Fresco, L.F.M., Nicholls, A.O., Groves, R.H., & Kaye, P.E. |
1988 |
Competition and relative yield: estimation and interpretation at different densities and under various nutrient concentrations using Silybum marianum and Circiusm vulgare. |
J. Ecol. |
76 , 157-171 |
Additive /Replacement Series |
Soil |
2 |
Austin, M.P., Groves, R.H., Fresco, L.M.F., & Kaye, P.E. |
1985 |
Relative growth of six thistle species along a nutrient gradient with multispecies competition. |
J. Ecol. |
73 , 667-684 |
Multispecies |
Soil |
6 |
Banyikwa, F.F. |
1988 |
The growth response of two East African perennial grasses to defoliation, nitrogen fertilizer and competition. |
Oikos |
51 , 25-30 |
Additive |
Grazing, Soil |
2 |
Bazzaz, F.A., & K. Garbutt. |
1988 |
The response of annuals in competitive neighborhoods: effects of elevated CO2. |
Ecology |
69 , 937-946 |
Multispecies |
Co2 |
4 |
Benjamin, L.R. |
1993 |
Experimental descrimination between contrasting models of nieghbourhood competition. |
J. Ecol. |
81 , 417-423 |
Additive |
Spatial Pattern |
1 |
Berendse, F., Elberse, W.Th., & R.H.M.E. Geerts. |
1992 |
Competition and nitrogen loss from plants in grassland ecosystems. |
Ecology |
73 , 46-53 |
Simple Pairwise |
Soil, Grazing |
2 |
Bergelson, J., & Perry, R. |
1989 |
Interspecific competition between seeds: relative planting date and density affect seedling emergence. |
Ecology |
70 , 1639-1644 |
Additive |
Germination, Leachates |
3 |
Blackshaw, R.E., & Schaalje, G.B. |
1993 |
Density and species proportion effects on interference between redstem filaree (Erodium cicutarium) and round-leaved mallow (Malva pusilla). |
Weed Sci. |
41 , 594-599 |
Additive |
Density |
2 |
Boryslawski, Z. & Bentley, B.L. |
1985 |
The effect of nitrogen and clipping on interference between C3 and C4 grasses. |
J. Ecol. |
73 , 113-121 |
Replacement Series |
Soil, Grazing |
2 |
Bozsa, R.C., & Oliver, L.R. |
1990 |
Competitive mechanisms of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) and soybean (Glycine max) during seedling growth. |
Weed Sci. |
38 , 344-350 |
Replacement Series/Other |
Roots, Crop/Weed |
2 |
Cheplick, G.P., & Salvadori, G.M. |
1991 |
Intra- and interclonal competition in the cleistogamous grass Amphibromus scabrivalvis. |
Amer. J. Bot. |
78 , 1494-1502 |
Simple Pairwise |
Genotypes |
1 |
Clay, K., S. Marks, & G.P. Cheplick. |
1993 |
Effects of insect herbivory and fungal endophyte infection on competitive interactions among grasses. |
Ecology |
74 , 1767-1777 |
Replacement Series |
Grazing, Fungi & Bacteria |
3 |
Cohn, E.J., O.W. Van Auken, & J.K. Bush. |
1989 |
Competitive interactions between Cynodon dactlyon and Acacia smallii seedlings at different nutrient levels. |
Amer. Midl. Nat. |
121 , 265-272 |
Replacement Series |
Soil |
2 |
Darmency, H., & Aujas, C. |
1992 |
Genetic diversity for competitive and reproductive ability in wild oats (Avena fatua). |
Weed Sci. |
40 , 215-219 |
Simple Pairwise |
Genotypes, Crop/Weed |
2 |
Dunan, C.M., & Zimdahl, R.L. |
1991 |
Competitive ability of wild oats (Avena fatua) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). |
Weed Sci. |
39 , 558-563 |
Replacement Series |
Crops |
2 |
Facelli, J.M., & S.T.A. Pickett. |
1991 |
Indirect effects of litter on woody seedlings subject to herb competition. |
Oikos |
62 , 129-138 |
Multispecies |
Germination |
1 |
Farmer, R.E., Morris, D.M., Weaver, K.B., & Garlick, K. |
1988 |
Competition effects in juvenile jack pine and aspen as influenced by density and species ratios. |
J. App. Ecol. |
25 , 1023-1032 |
Replacement Series |
Density |
2 |
Fennimore, S.A., Mitich, L.W., & Radosevich, S.R. |
1984 |
Interference among bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), barnyardgrass (Echinocloa crus-gallis) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrum). |
Weed Sci. |
32 , 336-342 |
Replacement Series |
Crop/Weed |
3 |
Firbank, L.G., & Watkinson, A.R. |
1985 |
On the analysis of competition within two-species mixtures of plants. |
J. App. Ecol. |
22 , 503-517 |
Replacement Series |
Modelling |
2 |
Fleming, G.F., Young, F.L., & Ogg, A.G. |
1988 |
Competitive relationships among winter wheat (Triticum aestivum), jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica), and downy brome (Bromus tectorum). |
Weed Sci. |
36 , 479-486 |
Replacement Series |
Crop/Weed |
3 |
Fowler, N.L., & M.D. Rausher. |
1985 |
Joint effects of competitors and herbivores on growth and reproduction in Aristolochia reticulata. |
Ecology |
66 , 1580-1587 |
Additive |
Grazing, |
4 |
Frankow-Lindberg, B.E. |
1985 |
Effect of couch grass and grass cultivars on competition between timothy and red clover. |
J. App. Ecol. |
22 , 519-524 |
Replacement Series |
Genotypes |
2 |
Goldberg, D.E., & Fleetwood, L. |
1987 |
Competitive effect and response in four annual plants. |
J. Ecol. |
75 , 1131-1143 |
Additive |
Abundance |
4 |
Goldberg, D.E., & Landa, K. |
1991 |
Competitive effect and response: hierarchies and correlated traits in the early stages of competition. |
J. Ecol. |
79 , 1013-1030 |
Additive |
Abundance |
7 |
Gordon, D.R., & Rice, K.J. |
1992 |
Partitioning of space and water between two California annual grassland species. |
Amer. J. Bot. |
79 , 967-976 |
Replacement Series |
Moisture |
2 |
Grace, J.B. |
1985 |
Juvenile vs. adult competitive abilities in plants: size-dependence in cattails (Typha). |
Ecology |
66 , 1630-1638 |
Simple Pairwise |
Performance, Moisture |
2 |
Grace, J.B. |
1987 |
The impact of preemption on the zonation of two Typha species along lakeshores. |
Ecol. Monog. |
57 , 283-303 |
Simple Pairwise |
Germination |
2 |
Grace, J.B. |
1988 |
The effects of plant age on the ability to predict mixture performance from monoculture growth. |
J. Ecol. |
76 , 152-156 |
Replacement Series |
Germination |
2 |
Griffin, B.S., Schilling, D.G., Bennett, J.M., & Currey, W.L. |
1989 |
The influence of water stress on the physiology and competition of soybean (Glycine max) and Florida beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum). |
Weed Sci. |
37 , 544-551 |
Replacement Series |
Moisture, Crop/Weed |
2 |
Gurevitch, J., Wilson, P., Stone, J.L., Teese, P., & Stoutenburgh, R.J. |
1990 |
Competition among old-field perennials at different levels of soil fertility and available space. |
J. Ecol. |
78 , 727-744 |
Simple Pairwise |
Soil, Spatial Pattern |
3 |
Harrison, H.F., & Peterson, J.K. |
1991 |
Evidence that sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is allelopathic to yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus). |
Weed Sci. |
39 , 308-312 |
Additive |
Leachates |
2 |
Hartnett, D.C., Hetrick, B.A.D., Wilson, G.W.T., & Gibson, D.J. |
1993 |
Mycorrhizal influence on intra- and interspecific neighbour interactions among co-occurring prairie grasses. |
J. Ecol. |
81 , 787-795 |
Additive |
Fungi & Bacteria |
3 |
Hetrick, B.A.D., Wilson, G.W.T., & Hartnett, D.C. |
1989 |
Relationship between mycorrhizal dependence and competitive ability of two tallgrass prairie grasses. |
Can. J. Bot. |
67 , 2608-2615 |
Simple Pairwise |
Fungi & Bacteria |
2 |
Holt, J.S. |
1988 |
Reduced growth, competitiveness, and photosynthetic efficiency of triazine-resistant Senecio vulgaris from California. |
J. App. Ecol. |
25 , 307-318 |
Replacement Series |
Genotypes, Herbicides, Photosynthesis |
2 |
Holt, J.S. & Orcutt, D.R. |
1991 |
Functional relationships of growth and competitiveness in perennial weeds and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). |
Weed Sci. |
39 , 575-584 |
Replacement Series |
Crop/Weed |
4 |
Jarosz, A.M., Burdon, J.J., & Muller, W.J. |
1989 |
Long-term effects of disease epidemics. |
J. App. Ecol. |
26 , 727-733 |
Additive |
Disease |
1 |
Jones, R.E., & Walker, R.H. |
1993 |
Effect of interspecific interference, light intensity, and soil moisture on soybean (Glycine max), common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium), and sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) water uptake. |
Weed Sci. |
41 , 534-540 |
Simple Pairwise |
Moisture, Light, Crop/Weed |
3 |
Jones, R.H. |
1993 |
Influence of soil temperature on root competition in seedlings of Acer rubrum, Liquidamber styraciflua and Sapium sebiferum. |
Amer. Midl. Nat. |
130 , 116-26 |
Replacement Series |
Soil, Roots |
3 |
Karban, R., Brody, A.K., Schnathorst, W.C. |
1989 |
Crowding and a plant's ability to defend itself against herbivores and diseases. |
Amer. Nat. |
134 , 749-760 |
Additive |
Grazing, Fungi & Bacteria |
1 |
Kenkel, N.C., McIlraith, A.L., Burchill, C.A., & Jones, G. |
1991 |
Competition and the response of three plant species to a salinity gradient. |
Can. J. Bot. |
69 , 2497-2502 |
Multispecies |
Soil |
3 |
Law, R., & Watkinson, A.R. |
1987 |
Response-surface analysis of two-species competition: an experiment on Phleum arenarium and Vulpia fasciculata. |
J. Ecol. |
75 , 871-886. |
Simple Pairwise |
Density |
2 |
Lemieux, C., Deschenes, J.M., & Morisset, P. |
1984 |
Competition entre la spargoute des champe (Spergula arvensis) et al setaire glauque (Setaria glauca). I. Production de matiere seche. |
Can. J. Bot. |
62 , 1852-1857 |
Diallel |
Performance |
2 |
Lemieux, C., Deschenes, J.M., & Morisset, P. |
1984 |
Competition entre la spargoute des champe (Spergula arvensis) et al setaire glauque (Setaria glauca). I. Production de graines |
Can. J. Bot. |
62 , 1858-1863 |
Diallel |
Performance |
2 |
Liebl, R., & Worsham, A.D. |
1987 |
Interference of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in wheat (Triticum aestivum). |
Weed Sci. |
35 , 819-823 |
Replacement Series |
Soil |
2 |
Maillette, L. |
1986 |
Canopy development, lead demography and growth dynamics of wheat and three weed species growing in pure and mixed stands. |
J. App. Ecol. |
23 , 929-944 |
Additive |
Crop/Weed |
4 |
Marino, P.C. |
1991 |
Competition between mosses (Splachnaceae) in patchy habitats. |
J. Ecol. |
79 , 1031-1046 |
Simple Pairwise |
Performance |
4 |
Marks, S., Clay, K., & Cheplick, G.P. |
1991 |
Effects of fungal endophytes on interspecific and intraspecific competition in the grasses Festuca arundinacea and Lolium perenne. |
J. App. Ecol. |
28 , 194-204 |
Additive |
Fungi & Bacteria |
2 |
McGraw, J.B., & F.S. Chapin, III. |
1989 |
Competitive ability and adaptation to fertile and infertile soils in two Eriophorum species. |
Ecology |
70 , 736-749 |
Simple Pairwise |
Soil |
2 |
Menchaca, L., & Connolly, J. |
1990 |
Species interference in white clover-ryegrass mixtures. |
J. Ecol. |
78 , 223-232 |
Replacement Series |
Density |
2 |
Miao, S.L., F.A. Bazzaz, & R.B. Primack. |
1991 |
Persistence of maternal nutrient effects in Plantago major: The third generation. |
Ecology |
72 , 1634-1642 |
Additive |
Soil, Genotypes |
2 |
Miller, T.E., & D.W. Schemske |
1990 |
An experimental study of competitive performance in Brassica rapa (Cruciferae). |
Amer. J. Bot. |
77 , 993-998 |
Additive |
Genotypes |
2 |
Morishita, D.W., Thill, D.C., & Hammel, J.E. |
1991 |
Wild oat (Avena fatua) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) interference in a greenhouse experiment. |
Weed Sci. |
39 , 149-153 |
Replacement Series |
Crops, Moisture, Light |
2 |
Oliveira Silva, M.T. |
1992 |
Effects of mollusc grazing on the development of grassland species. |
J. Veg. Sci. |
3 , 267-270 |
Multispecies |
Grazing |
5 |
Patterson, D.T. |
1990 |
Effects of density and species proportion on competition between spurred anoda (Anoda cristata) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). |
Weed Sci. |
38 , 351-357 |
Additive |
Weeds, Analysis |
2 |
Patterson, D.T., & Highsmith, M.T. |
1989 |
Competition of spurred anoda (Anoda cristata) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) during simulated drought and recovery. |
Weed Sci. |
37 , 658-664 |
Simple Pairwise /Replacement Series |
Moisture |
3 |
Patterson, D.T., Flint, E.P., & Beyers, J.L. |
1984 |
Effects of CO2 enrichment on competition between a C4 weed and a C3 crop. |
Weed Sci. |
32 , 101-105 |
Replacement Series |
Co2, Crop/Weed |
2 |
Patterson, D.T., Russell, A.E., Mortensen, D.A., Coffin, R.D., & Flint, E.P. |
1986 |
Effect of temperature and photoperiod on Texas panicum (Panicum texanum) and wild proso millet (Panicum miliaceum). |
Weed Sci. |
34 , 876-882 |
Replacement Series/ Additive |
Temperature, Light |
2 |
Paul, N.D. |
1989 |
The effects of Puccinia lagenophorae on Senecio vulgaris in competition with Euphorbia puplus. |
J. Ecol. |
77 , 552-564 |
Replacement Series |
Fungi & Bacteria |
2 |
Perez, F.G.M., & Masiunas, J.B. |
1990 |
Eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) interference in processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). |
Weed Sci. |
38 , 385-388 |
Replacement Series |
Crop/Weed |
2 |
Rabinowitz, D., J.K. Rapp, & P.M. Dixon. |
1984 |
Competitive abilities of sparse grass species: means of persistence or cause of abundance. |
Ecology |
65 , 1144-1154 |
Replacement Series |
Abundance |
7 |
Ramsell, J., A.J.C. Malloch, & J.B. Whittaker |
1993 |
When grazed by Tipula paludosa, Lolium perenne is a stronger competitor of Rumex obtusifolius. |
J. Ecol. |
81 , 777-786 |
Replacement Series |
Grazing |
2 |
Reekie, E.G., & Bazzaz, F.A. |
1991 |
Phenology and growth in four annual species grown in ambient and elevated CO2. |
Can. J. Bot. |
69 , 2475-2481 |
Multispecies |
Co2 |
4 |
Rejmánek, M., Robinson, G.G., & E. Rejmankova |
1989 |
Weed-crop competition: Experimental designs and models for data analysis. |
Weed Sci. |
37 , 276-284 |
Replacement Series/ Additive/ Multispecies |
Crop/Weed, Analysis |
2/3 |
Roush, M.L., Radosevich, S.R., Wagner, R.G., Maxwell, B.D., & Paterson, T.D. |
1989 |
A comparison of methods for measuring effects of density and proportion in plant competition experiments. |
Weed Sci. |
37 , 268-284 |
Replacement Series |
Density |
2 |
Russell, J., & D.A. Levin |
1988 |
Competitive relationships of Oenothera species with different recombination systems. |
Amer. J. Bot. |
75 , 1175-1180 |
Diallel |
Breeding Systems |
3 |
Salisbury, C.D., & Chandler, J.M. |
1993 |
Interaction of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) plants for water is affected by their interaction for light. |
Weed Sci. |
41 , 69-74 |
Simple Pairwise |
Crop/Weed, Light |
2 |
Schmid, B., & Bazzaz, F.A. |
1987 |
Clonal integration and population structure in perennials: effects of severing rhizome connections. |
Ecology |
68 , 2016-2022 |
Simple Pairwise |
Form |
3 |
Schmid, B., & Harper, J.L. |
1985 |
Clonal growth in grassland perennials. |
J. Ecol. |
73 , 793-808 |
Fan |
Density, Spatial Pattern |
2 |
Shribbs, J.M., Skroch, W.A., & Monaco, T.J. |
1986 |
Interference between apple (Malus domestica) seedlings and four ground cover species under greenhouse conditions. |
Weed Sci. |
34 , 533-537 |
Additive |
Crop/Weed |
5 |
Shurtleff, J.L., & Coble, H.D. |
1985 |
The interaction of soybean (Glycine max) and five weed species in the greenhouse. |
Weed Sci. |
33 , 669-672 |
Simple Pairwise |
Crop/Weed, Germination |
6 |
Silvertown, J., Hltier, S., Johnson, J., & Dale, P. |
1992 |
Cellular automaton models of interspecific competition for space - the effect of pattern on process. |
J. Ecol. |
80 , 527-534 |
Other |
Spatial Pattern |
5 |
Siriwardana, G.D., & Zimdahl, R.L. |
1984 |
Competition between barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). |
Weed Sci. |
32 , 218-222 |
Replacement Series |
Seeds, Moisture |
2 |
Snaydon, R.W., & Satorre, E.H. |
1989 |
Bivariate diagrams for plant competition data: modifications and interpretation. |
J. App. Ecol. |
26 , 1043-1057 |
Additive /Replacement Series |
Crop/Weed, Analysis |
3 |
Stahlman, P.W., & Miller, S.D. |
1990 |
Downy brome (Bromus tectorum) interference and economic thresholds in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). |
Weed Sci. |
38 , 224-228 |
Additive |
Crop/Weed |
2 |
Stratton, D.A. |
1989 |
Competition prolongs expression of maternal effects in seedlings of Erigeron annuus (Asteraceae). |
Amer. J. Bot. |
76 , 1646-1653 |
Simple Pairwise |
Genotypes |
1 |
Taylor, D.R., & Aarssen, L.W. |
1989 |
On the density dependence of replacement series competition experiments. |
J. Ecol. |
77 , 975-988 |
Replacement Series |
Density |
3 |
Taylor, D.R., & Aarssen, L.W. |
1990 |
Complex competitive relationships among genotypes of three perennial grasses: implications for species coexistence. |
Amer. Nat. |
136 , 305-327 |
Diallel |
Genotypes |
3 |
Thomas, H. |
1984 |
Effects of drought on growth and competitive ability of perennial ryegrass and white clover. |
J. App. Ecol. |
21 , 591-602 |
Replacement Series |
Moisture, Genotypes |
2 |
Thompson, J., R. Turkington, & F.B. Holl |
1990 |
The influence of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. trifolii on the growth and neighbour relationships of Trifolium repens and three grasses. |
Can. J. Bot. |
68 , 296-303 |
Diallel |
Fungi & Bacteria |
3 |
Thorhallsdottir, T.E. |
1990 |
The dynamics of five grasses and white clover in a simulated mosaic sward. |
J. Ecol. |
78 , 769-774 |
Multispecies |
Spatial Pattern |
6 |
Tremmel, D.C., & F.A. Bazzaz. |
1993 |
How neighbor canopy architecture affects target plant performance. |
Ecology |
74 , 2114-2124 |
Additive |
Form |
4 |
Van Auken, O.W., & Bush, J.K. |
1988 |
Competition between Schizachyrium scoparium and Prosopis glandulosa. |
Amer. J. Bot. |
75 , 782-789 |
Additive |
Soil |
2 |
Van Auken, O.W., & Bush, J.K. |
1989 |
Prosopis glandulosa growth: Influence of nutrients and similated grazing of Bouteloua curtipendula. |
Ecology |
70 , 512-516 |
Additive |
Soil, Grazing |
2 |
Van Auken, O.W., & Bush, J.K. |
1992 |
Interspecific competition between Prosopis glandulosa Torr. (Honey Mesquite) and Diospyros texana Scheele (Texas Persimmon). |
Amer. Midl. Nat. |
118 , 385- |
Replacement Series |
Performance |
2 |
Vangessel, M.J., & Renner, K.A. |
1990 |
Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and barnyardgrass (Echinocloa crus-galli) interference in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). |
Weed Sci. |
38 , 338-343 |
Replacement Series |
Crop/Weed |
3 |
Wall, D.A. |
1993 |
Comparison of green foxtail (Setaria viridis) and wild oat (Avena fatua) growth, development, and competitveness under three temperature regimes. |
Weed Sci. |
41 , 369-378 |
Replacement Series |
Crop/Weed, Temperature |
2 |
Warwick, S.I., & Thompson, B.K. |
1987 |
Differential response to competition in weedy biotypes of prosco millet. |
Can. J. Bot. |
65 , 1403-1409 |
Simple Pairwise /Additive |
Genotypes |
1 |
Wiener, J. |
1985 |
Size hierarchies in experimental populations of annual plants. |
Ecology |
66 , 743-752 |
Simple Pairwise |
Soil, Spatial Pattern, Performance |
2 |
Willson, M.F., Thomas, P.A., Hoppes, W.G., Katusic-Malmborg, P.L., Goldman, D.A. & Bothwell, J.L. |
1987 |
Sibling competition in plants: an experimental study. |
Amer. Nat. |
129 , 304-311 |
Simple Pairwise /Additive |
Genotypes |
4 |
Wilson, J.B. |
1988 |
The effect of initial advantage on the course of plant competition. |
Oikos |
51 , 19-24 |
Additive |
Roots, Germination |
1 |
Wray, S.M., & B.R. Strain. |
1987 |
Competition in old-field perennials under CO2 enrichment. |
Ecology |
68 , 1116-1120 |
Replacement Series |
Co2 |
2 |
Zangerl, A.R., & F.A. Bazzaz. |
1984 |
Effects of short-term selection along environmental gradients on variation in populations of Amaranthus retroflexus and Abutilon theophrasti. |
Ecology |
65 , 207-217 |
Additive |
Moisture, Genotypes |
2 |
Last modified: July 1, 1998