The following supplementary material is available for this article:

Appendix S1. List of studies included in the meta-analysis of survival data. Download here.

Appendix S2. Relative frequency of effect size values weighed by 1/variance for survival, density, growth, and fecundity data. Download here.

Appendix S3. List of studies included in the meta-analysis of density data. Download here.

Appendix S4. List of studies included in the meta-analysis of density data. Download here.

Appendix S5. List of studies included in the meta-analysis of fecundity data. Download here.

Appendix S6. References included in Appendices S1-S6 and not cited in the main text. Download here.

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