Web Links

Paleoecology

Read an overview on paleoecology at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoecology, and the principles of ecology at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology, http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=3983, http://www.faculty.uaf.edu/fffsc/Ecotext.html, http://www.faculty.uaf.edu/fffsc/Ecotext.html

Box 4.2

Diversity measures are introduced here, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_index and http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/simpsons.htm, and practical numerical accounts are given here, http://folk.uio.no/ohammer/past/diversity.html, as part of the PAST software, and related exercises are presented here: http://www.neiu.edu/~jkasmer/Biol380/Labs/sp-diversity.htm.

Box 4.3

Ecological interactions of various kinds are outlined in these web sites:
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/Symbiosis.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commensalism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualism_%28biology%29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitism

Box 4.4

Read more about the chemosynthetic environments of ancient mid-ocean ridge black smokers here:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_smoker
http://www.amnh.org/nationalcenter/expeditions/blacksmokers/black_smokers.html
http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk/research/essi/people/little/index.htm

Paleoclimatology

There are many excellent web sites on paleoclimatology, including
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimatology http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Paleoclimatology/paleoclimatology_intro.php http://www.lakepowell.net/sciencecenter/paleoclimate.htm http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/primer.html http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/proxies/paleoclimate.html http://www.datasync.com/~farrar/www_vl_paleoclim.html

Box 4.9

The use of stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon in determining ancient temperature change is outlined in
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_analysis
http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/resources/gcc/3-3-2-1.html
http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter16/isotope.html

Box 4.10

There are many web sites on Snowball Earth, including:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowball_Earth http://www.snowballearth.org/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/snowballearth.shtml http://www-eps.harvard.edu/people/faculty/hoffman/snowball_paper.html http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/2377133.htm