Foreword
Richard Smith
Introduction
Len Doyal and Jeffrey S Tobias

Part 1 Informed consent and medical research: a historical perspective

1 The Nuremberg Code and the Helsinki Declaration
2 A historical introduction to the requirement of obtaining informed consent from
research participants
Baruch A Brody
3 Human guinea pigs and the ethics of experimentation: the BMJ's correspondent at the
Nuremberg medical trial
Paul Weindling
4 Henry K Beecher and Maurice Pappworth: informed consent in human experimentation
and the physicians' response
Paul J Edelson
5 Extracts from Pappworth and Beecher
Introduction to Beecher's "Ethics and clinical research"
Len Doyal
Ethics and clinical research
Henry K Beecher
Commentary on "Ethics and clinical research"
John P Bunker
An introduction to Pappworth's Human Guinea Pigs
Jeffrey S Tobias
Human Guinea Pigs
MH Pappworth
Commentary on Human guinea pigs
Stephen Lock
6 Learning from unethical research
Paul McNeill and Naomi Pfeffer

Part 2 The BMJ debate: informed consent in medical research

7 Informed consent: the intricacies
Richard Smith
8 Evaluation of a stroke family care worker: results of a randomised controlled trial
Martin Dennis, Suzanne O'Rourke, Jim Slattery, Trish Staniforth, and Charles Warlow
No consent means not treating the patient with respect (commentary)
Sheila AM McLean
Why we didn't ask patients for their consent (commentary)
Martin Dennis
9 Does HIV status influence the outcome of patients admitted to a surgical intensive
care unit? A prospective double blind study
Satish Bhagwanjee, David JJ Muckart, Prakash M Jeena, Prushini Moodley
Failing to seek patient consent to research is always wrong (commentary)
Rajendra Kale and Laxmi-Kunj
Why we did not seek informed consent before testing patients for HIV (commentary)
Satish Bhagwanjee, David JJ Muckart, Prakash M Jeena, Prushini Moodley
No simple and absolute ethical rule exists for every conceivable situation (commentary)
YK Seedat
10 Journals should not publish research to which patients have not given fully informed
consent - with three exceptions
Len Doyal
11 BMJ's present policy (sometimes approving research in which patients have not given fully
informed consent) is wholly correct
Jeffrey S Tobias
12 Responses to Chapters 7-11: letters to the BMJ
Informed consent: one standard for research, another for clinical practice
Richard Smith
Letters
Personal view
Kulsum Winship
13 Other perspectives following the BMJ articles and correspondence
Informed consent: edging forwards (and backwards)
Richard Smith
Informed consent: a response to recent correspondence
Len Doyal
Changing the BMJ's position on informed consent would be counterproductive
Jeffrey S Tobias
Informed consent - a publisher's duty
Mary Warnock
Trial subjects must be fully involved in design and approval of trials
Lisa Power
Studies that do not have informed consent from participants should not be published
Heather Goodare
Thrombolytic treatment for acute ischaemic stroke: consent can be ethical
Richard I Lindley
Informed consent and research
David Benatar and Solomon R Benatar

Part 3 Informed consent and the regulation of medical research

14 International regulation, informed consent and medical research
The UK perspective
CM Foster
A perspective from the USA and Canada
Eric M Meslin
The European perspective
Richard Nicholson
15 Informed consent, medical research and the competent adult
Sheila AM McLean
16 Informed consent and clinical research with children
Jonathan Montgomery
17 Informed consent and clinical research in psychiatry
Phil Fennell
18 Informed consent and surgical research
Alan G Johnson
19 Informed consent and genetic research
Ruth Chadwick
20 Informed consent and HIV: public health versus private lives
Rebecca Bennett
21 Informed consent and research on assisted conception
Bobbie Farsides and Heather Draper
22 Informed consent for access to medical records for health services research
Brian Hurwitz
23 Informed consent, medical research, and healthy volunteers
SM Louise Abrams and GA Browning

Part 4 The limits of informed consent in medical research: rights, duties, skills

24 Informed consent and human rights in medical research
Ann Sommerville
25 'Fully' informed consent, clinical trials, and the boundaries of therapeutic discretion
Raanan Gillon
26 Double standards on informed consent to treatment
Iain Chalmers and Richard I Lindley
27 Rights and responsibilities of individuals participating in medical research
John Harris and Simon Woods
28 Informed consent in medical research: the consumer's view
Naomi Pfeffer
29 The role of effective communication in obtaining informed consent
Angela Hall
30 Informed consent and medical education
Chris Ward

Part 5 Conclusion

31 The moral importance of informed consent in medical research: concluding reflections
Len Doyal
32 Contemporary challenges in clinical research: paying lip service to informed consent, or a
genuine shift of gear?
Jeffrey S Tobias
Index