The advances in non-invasive brain imaging technologies have enabled new insights into the structural wiring and functional connectivity of the living human brain – in both health and disease.These technologies include high resolution anatomical 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), MR water diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), functional blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast MRI, as well as image processing and data analysis methods (e.g. atlas-based image segmentation, nonlinear image registration, time series analysis, graph theory and graph metrics). We present multimodal MRI recordings from a longitudinal study of cognitive aging, and will briefly describe the broad range of tissue contrast mechanisms and mathematical/statistical methods that come into play for quantitative analysis of such data, enabling subject-wise and group-wise morphometry, white matter fiber tracking, and (long distance) functional connectivity mapping. This kind of multidisciplinary data acquisitions and analyses have emerged into the field of computational neuroimaging, providing macro-and mesoscale ([mm] / [sec]) spatio-temporal information about human brain structure and integrative function. In addition to computing image-derived features/biomarkers ("endophenotypes") from the examined subjects, complementary genetic analysis (genome-wide association studies and post-GWAS experiments s.a. deep sequencing) can be performed. By such combination of multimodal imaging, genetics, and clinical/cognitive assessment we are entering a new and very challenging level of human brain integrative physiology.