Chapter 1 – Chronic Stable Angina

1. Fraker, TD Jr & Fihn, SD, writing on behalf of the 2002 Chronic Stable Angina Writing Committee. 2007 Chronic angina focused update of the ACC/AHA 2002 guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Group to Develop the Focused Update of the 2002 guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina. Circulation. 2007;116:2762–2772. PubMed

2. Gibbons, RJ, Abrams, J, Chatterjee, K, Daley, J, Deedwania, PC & Douglas, JS, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina – full text: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). Available at: http://www.acc.org/qualityandscience/clinical/guidelines/stable/stable_clean.pdf. Accessed March 19, 2008.

3. Fox, K, Garcia, MA, Ardissino, D, Buszman, P, Camici, PG, Crea, F & Daly, C, et al.; Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG). Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: the Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1341–1381. PubMed CrossRef

4. Thom, T, Haase, N, Rosamond, W, Howard, VJ, Rumsfeld, J & Manolio, T, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2006 update. Circulation. 2006;113:e85–e151. PubMed

5. Shaw, LJ, Bairey Merz, CN, Pepine, CJ, Reis, SE, Bittner, V & Kelsey, SF, et al.; WISE Investigators. Insights from the NHLBI-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study: Part I: gender differences in traditional and novel risk factors, symptom evaluation, and gender-optimized diagnostic strategies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(3 suppl):S4–S20. PubMed CrossRef

6. Bairey Merz, CN, Shaw, LJ, Reis, SE, Bittner, V, Kelsey, SF & Olson, M, et al.; WISE Investigators. Insights from the NHLBI-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study: Part II: gender differences in presentation, diagnosis, and outcome with regard to gender-based pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and macrovascular and microvascular coronary disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006:47(3 suppl):S21–S29.

7. Johnson, BD, Shaw, LJ, Pepine, CJ, Reis, SE, Kelsey, SF & Sopko, G, et al. Persistent chest pain predicts cardiovascular events in women without obstructive coronary artery disease: results from the NIH-NHLBI-sponsored Women's Ischaemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1408–1415. PubMed CrossRef

8. Marroquin, OC, Kip, KE, Mulukutla, SR, Ridker, PM, Pepine, CJ & Tjandrawan, T, et al. Inflammation, endothelial cell activation, and coronary microvascular dysfunction in women with chest pain and no obstructive coronary artery disease. Am Heart J. 2005;150:109–115. PubMed CrossRef

9. Lerman, A & Sopko, G. Women and cardiovascular heart disease: clinical implications from the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study. Are we smarter? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(3 suppl):S59–S62. PubMed CrossRef

10. Boden, WE, O'Rourke, RA, Teo, KK, Hartigan, PM, Maron, DJ & Kostuk, WJ, et al., for the COURAGE Trial Research Group. Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1503–1516. PubMed

11. Hochman, JS & Steg, PG. Does preventive PCI work? N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1572–1574. PubMed CrossRef

12. Kereiakes, DJ, Teirstein, PS, Sarembock, IJ, Holmes, DR Jr, Krucoff, MW & O'Neill, WW, et al. The truth and consequences of the COURAGE trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:1598–1603. PubMed CrossRef

13. Gonzales, D, Rennard, SI, Nides, M, Oncken, C, Azoulay, S & Billing, CB, et al., for the Varenicline Phase 3 Study Group. Varenicline, an α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;296:47–55. PubMed CrossRef

14. Jorenby, DE, Hays, JT, Rigotti, NA, Azoulay, S, Watsky, EJ & Williams, KE, et al., for the Varenicline Phase 3 Study Group. Efficacy of varenicline, an α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs placebo or sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;296:56–63. PubMed CrossRef

15. Tonstad, S, Tønnesen, P, Hajek, P, Williams, KE, Billing, CB & Reeves, KR, for the Varenicline Phase 3 Study Group. Effect of maintenance therapy with varenicline on smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;296:64–71. PubMed CrossRef

16. Stone, PH, Gratsiansky, NA, Blokhin, A, Huang, I-Z & Meng, L, for the ERICA Investigators. Antianginal efficacy of ranolazine when added to treatment with amlodipine. The ERICA (Efficacy of Ranolazine in Chronic Angina) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:566–575. PubMed CrossRef

17. Chaitman, BR, Skettino, SL, Parker, JO, Hanley, P, Meluzin, J & Kuch, J, et al., for the MARISA Investigators. Anti-ischemic effects and long-term survival during ranolazine monotherapy in patients with chronic severe angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1375–1382. PubMed

18. Morrow, DA, Scirica, BM, Karwatowska-Prokopczuk, E, Murphy, SA, Budaj, A & Varshavsky, S, et al., for the MERLIN-TIMI 36 Trial Investigators. Effects of ranolazine on recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. The MERLIN-TIMI 36 Randomized Trial. JAMA. 2007;297:1775–1783. PubMed CrossRef

Chapter 2 – Unstable Angina/Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (UA/NSTEMI)

1. Anderson, JL, Adams, CD & Antman, EM, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2007;116:e148–e304. PubMed

2. Hendel, RC, Patel, MR & Kramer, CM, et al. ACCF/ACR/SCCT/SCMR/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SIR 2006 appropriateness criteria for cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1475–97. PubMed CrossRef

3. Galvani, M, Ottani, F & Oltrona, L, et al. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide on admission has prognostic value across the whole spectrum of acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2004;110:128–34. PubMed

4. Matetzky, S, Freimark, D & Feinberg, MS, et al. Acute myocardial infarction with isolated ST-segment elevation in posterior chest leads V7-9: "hidden" ST-segment elevations revealing acute posterior infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34:748–53. PubMed CrossRef

5. Bavry, AA, Kumbhani, DJ & Rassi, AN, et al. Benefit of early invasive therapy in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of contemporary randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1319–25. PubMed

6. Hirsch, A, Windhausen, F & Tijssen, JGP, et al. Long-term outcome after an early invasive versus selective invasive treatment strategy in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome and elevated cardiac troponin T (the ICTUS trial): a follow-up study. Lancet. 2007;367:827–35. CrossRef

7. Bavry, AA, Kumbhani, DJ & Quiroz, R, et al. Invasive therapy along with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and intracoronary stents improves survival in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis and review of the literature. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93:830–5. PubMed

8. Clayton, TC, Pocock, SJ & Henderson, RA, et al. Do men benefit more than women from an interventional strategy in patients with unstable angina or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: The impact of gender in the RITA 3 trial. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:1641–50. PubMed

9. Glaser, R, Herrmann, HC & Murphy, SA, et al. Benefit of an early invasive management strategy in women with acute coronary syndromes. JAMA. 2002;288:3124–9. PubMed CrossRef

10. Chen, ZM, Pan, HC & Chen, YP, et al. Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1622–32. PubMed CrossRef

11. Gislason, GH, Jacobsen, S & Rasmussen, JN, et al. Risk of death or reinfarction associated with use of selective cycloxygenase-2 inhibitors and nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2006;113:2906–13. PubMed

12. Gibson, CM & Braunwald, E. Association of treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDS) on study entry with 30 day adverse outcomes among ST elevation MI (STEMI) patients treated with fibrinolytic agents. An EXTRACT-TIMI 25 analysis (abstr). Circulation. 2006;114(Suppl II):II–697.

13. Patti, G, Colonna, G & Pasceria, V, et al. Randomized trial of high loading dose of clopidogrel for reduction of periprocedural myocardial infarction in patients undergoing coronary intervention: results from the ARMYDA-2 (Antiplatelet therapy for Reduction of MYocardial Damage during Angioplasty) study. Circulation. 2005;111:2099–106. PubMed

14. Grines, C, Bonow, RO & Casey, D, et al. Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents. A science advisory from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American College of Surgeons, and American Dental Association, with representation from the American College of Physicians. Circulation. 2007;115:813–8. PubMed

15. Yusuf, S, Mehta, SR & Chrolavicius, S, et al. Comparison of fondaparinux and enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1464–76. PubMed CrossRef

16. Stone, GW, McLaurin, BT & Cox, DA, et al. Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2006;353:2203–16. CrossRef

17. Alexander, KP, Chen, AY & Roe, MT, et al. Excess dosing of antiplatelet and antithrombin agents in the treatment of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary asyndromes. JAMA. 2005;294:3108–16. PubMed CrossRef

18. Smith, SCJ, Allen, J & Blair, SN, et al. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:2130–9. PubMed CrossRef

19. Bassand, J-P, Hamm, CW & Ardissino, D, et al. The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:1598–660. PubMed

20. Kastrati, A, Mehilli, J & Neumann, FJ, et al. Abciximab in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention after clopidogrel pretreatment: the ISAR-REACT 2 randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;295:1531–8. PubMed CrossRef

21. Fox, KAA, Steg, PG & Eagle, KA, et al. Decline in rates of death and heart failure in acute coronary syndromes, 1999–2006. JAMA. 2007;297:1892–900. PubMed CrossRef

22. Jacobs, AK. Regionalized care for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: it's closer than you think. Circulation. 2006;113:1159–61. PubMed

23. Wiviott, SD, Braunwald, E & McCabe, CH, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2001–15. PubMed CrossRef

24. Greenbaum, AB, Grines, CL & Bittl, JA, et al. Initial experience with an intravenous P2Y12 platelet receptor antagonist in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: results from a 2-part, phase II, multicenter, randomized, placebo- and active-controlled trial. Am Heart J. 2006;151:689.e1–e10. PubMed CrossRef

25. Ormiston, JA, Serruys, PW & Regar, E, et al. A bioabsorbable everolimus-eluting coronary stent system for patients with single de-novo coronary artery lesions (ABSORB): a prospective open-label trial. Lancet. 2008;371:899–907. PubMed CrossRef

26. Greenland, P, Bonow, RO & Brundage, BH, et al. ACCF/AHA 2007 clinical expert consensus document on coronary artery calcium scoring by computed tomography in global cardiovascular risk assessment and in evaluation of patients with chest pain: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Clinical Expert Consensus Task Force. Circulation. 2007;115:402–26. PubMed

27. Naghavi, M, Falk, E & Hecht, HS, et al. From vulnerable plaque to vulnerable patient – part II: executive summary of the Screening for Heart Attack Prevention and Education (SHAPE) Task Force Report. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98(Suppl H):2H–15H.

Chapter 3 - ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)

1. Antman, EM, Anbe, DT, Armstrong, PW, Bates, ER, Green, LA & Hand, M, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction). Circulation. 2004;110:e82–292. PubMed

2. Antman, EM, Hand, M, Armstrong, PW, Bates, ER, Green, LA & Halasyamani, LK, et al. 2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration With the Canadian Cardiovascular Society endorsed by the American Academy of Family Physicians: 2007 Writing Group to Review New Evidence and Update the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Writing on Behalf of the 2004 Writing Committee. Circulation. 2008;117:296–329. PubMed

3. National Cholesterol Education Program. Third Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). NIH Pub. No. 02-5125. Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2002; 284 pages, Accessed on: May 15, 2003. Guidelines, Related Tools, and Patient Information available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidlines/cholesterol/index.htm.

4. Grundy, SM, Pasternak, R, Greenland, P, Smith, S Jr. & Fuster, V. Assessment of cardiovascular risk by use of multiple-risk-factor assessment equations: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. Circulation. 1999;100:1481–92. PubMed

5. Luepker, RV, Raczynski, JM, Osganian, S, Goldberg, RJ, Finnegan, JR Jr. & Hedges, JR, et al. Effect of a community intervention on patient delay and emergency medical service use in acute coronary heart disease: The Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment (REACT) Trial. JAMA. 2000;284:60–7. PubMed CrossRef

6. Faxon, D & Lenfant, C. Timing is everything: motivating patients to call 9-1-1 at onset of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2001;104:1210–1. PubMed

7. Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Part 7: the era of reperfusion: section 1: acute coronary syndromes (acute myocardial infarction). The American Heart Association in collaboration with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Circulation. 2000;102:I172–203. PubMed

8. Hutter, AM Jr. & Weaver, WD. 31st Bethesda Conference. Emergency Cardiac Care. Task force 2: Acute coronary syndromes: Section 2A – Prehospital issues. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:846–53. PubMed

9. Lau, J, Ioannidis, J & Balk, E, et al. Evaluation of Technologies for Identifying Acute Cardiac Ischemia in Emergency Departments. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment Number 26. (Prepared by the New England Medical Center Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-97-0019). AHRQ Publication No. 01-E006, Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, May 2001.

10. Danchin, N, Blanchard, D, Steg, PG, Sauval, P, Hanania, G & Goldstein, P, et al. Impact of prehospital thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction on 1-year outcome: results from the French Nationwide USIC 2000 Registry. Circulation. 2004;110:1909–15. PubMed

11. Armstrong, PW, Collen, D & Antman, E. Fibrinolysis for acute myocardial infarction: the future is here and now. Circulation. 2003;107:2533–7. PubMed

12. Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbidity results from all randomised trials of more than 1000 patients. Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists' (FTT) Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1994;343:311–22. PubMed

13. Keeley, EC, Boura, JA & Grines, CL. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet. 2003;361:13–20. PubMed CrossRef

14. Keeley, EC, Boura, JA & Grines, CL. Comparison of primary and facilitated percutaneous coronary interventions for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: quantitative review of randomised trials. Lancet. 2006;367:579–88. PubMed CrossRef

15. Wijeysundera, HC, Vijayaraghavan, R, Nallamothu, BK, Foody, JM, Krumholz, HM & Phillips, CO, et al. Rescue angioplasty or repeat fibrinolysis after failed fibrinolytic therapy for ST-segment myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:422–30. PubMed CrossRef

16. Zipes, DP, Camm, AJ, Borggrefe, M, Buxton, AE, Chaitman, B & Fromer, M, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (writing committee to develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2006;114:e385–484. PubMed

17. Antman, EM, Bennett, JS, Daugherty, A, Furberg, C, Roberts, H & Taubert, KA. Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: an update for clinicians: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007;115:1634–42. PubMed

18. Van de Werf, F, Ardissino, D, Betriu, A, Cokkinos, DV, Falk, E & Fox, KA, et al. Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. The Task Force on the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:28–66. PubMed CrossRef

19. Jacobs, AK, Antman, EM, Faxon, DP, Gregory, T & Solis, P. Development of systems of care for ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients: executive summary. Circulation. 2007;116:217–30. PubMed

20. Krumholz, HM, Anderson, JL, Brooks, NH, Fesmire, FM, Lambrew, CT & Landrum, MB, et al. ACC/AHA clinical performance measures for adults with ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures (Writing Committee to Develop Performance Measures on ST-Elevation and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:236–65. PubMed CrossRef

Chapter 4 – Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention Programs

1. Leon, S, Franklin, BA, Costa, F, Balady, GJ, Berra, KA & Stewart, KJ, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: an American Heart Association scientific statement in collaboration with the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation [published correction appears in Circulation. 2005;111:1717]. Circulation. 2005;111:369–376. PubMed

2. Wenger, NK, Froelicher, ES, Smith, LK, Ades, PA, Berra, K & Blumenthal, JA, et al. Cardiac Rehabilitation. Clinical Practice Guideline No. 17. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agencies for Healthcare Policy and Research, and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. AHCPR publication No. 96-0672. October 1995.

3. Oldridge, NB, Guyatt, GH, Fischer, ME & Rimm, AA. Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction. Combined experience of randomized clinical trials. JAMA. 1988;260:945–950. PubMed CrossRef

4. O'Connor, GT, Buring, JE, Yusuf, S, Goldhaber, SZ, Olmstead, EM, Paffenbarger, RS Jr & Hennekens, CH. An overview of randomized trials of rehabilitation with exercise after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1989;80:234–244. PubMed

5. Linden, W, Stossel, C & Maurice, J. Psychosocial interventions for patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:745–752. PubMed

6. Jolliffe, JA, Rees, K, Taylor, RS, Thompson, D, Oldridge, N & Ebrahim, S. Exercise-based rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001:CD001800.

7. McAlister, FA, Lawson, FM, Teo, KK & Armstrong, PW. Randomised trials of secondary prevention programmes in coronary heart disease: systematic review. BMJ. 2001;323:957–962. PubMed

8. Brown, A, Taylor, R, Noorani, H, Stone, J & Skidmore, B. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programs for coronary artery disease: a systematic clinical and economic review. Technical overview #11. Ottawa: Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment. 2003.

9. Taylor, RS, Brown, A, Ebrahim, S, Jolliffe, J, Noorani, H, Rees, K & Skidmore, B, et al. Exercise-based rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med. 2004;116:682–697. PubMed

10. Clark, AM, Hartling, L, Vandermeer, B & McAlister, FA. Meta-analysis: secondary prevention programs for patients with coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143:659–672. PubMed

11. Agency for Healthcare Research Technology Assessment Program. Randomized trials of secondary prevention programs in coronary artery disease: a systematic review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2005.

12. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Medicare coverage database. Accessed April 11, 2006. https://www.cms.hhs.gov/mcd/viewdecisionmemo.asp?id=164.

13. Antman, EM, Anbe, ST, Armstrong, PW, Bates, ER, Green, LA & Hand, M, et al., American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association; Canadian Cardiovascular Society. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines [published correction appears in J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1376]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:671–719. PubMed CrossRef

14. Braunwald, E, Antman, EM, Beasley, JW, Califf, RM, Cheitlin, MD & Hochman, JS, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1366–1374. PubMed

15. Gibbons, RJ, Abrams, J, Chatterjee, K, Daley, J, Deedwania, PC & Douglas, JS, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). Circulation. 2003;107:149–158. PubMed

16. Hunt, SA, Abraham, WT, Chin, MH, Feldman, AM, Francis, GS & Ganiats, TG, et al. ACC/AHA guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation. 2005;112:1825–1852.

17. American Association for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Guidelines for Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention Programs. 4th edn. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics Publishers; 2004.

18. Goble, AJ & Worchester, M. Best practice guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention: a synopsis. Produced on behalf of Victoria Department of Human Services. 1999. Heart Research Centre. Melbourne, Australia. Available at: http://www.heartresearchcentre.org/images/assets/Forms/bpgsynopsis.pdf. Accessed June 22, 2007.

19. New Zealand Guidelines Group. Cardiac Rehabilitation. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Guidelines Group. 2002.

20. Giannuzzi, P, Mezzani, A & Saner, H, et al. Physical activity for primary and secondary prevention. Position paper of the Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2003;10:319–327. PubMed CrossRef

21. Working group on cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention of the Austrian Society of Cardiology. Guidelines for outpatient cardiac rehabilitation and prevention. Conclusions of the Austrian Society of Cardiology, April 2005.

22. Stone, JA & Arthur, HM. Canadian Guidelines for Cardiac Rehabilitation and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, second edition, 2004: Executive summary. Can J Cardiol. 2005;21 Suppl D:3D–19D. PubMed

23. Gibbons, RJ, Abrams, J, Chatterjee, K, Daley, J, Deedwania, PC & Douglas, JS, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina, summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). Circulation. 2003;107:149–158. PubMed

24. Witt, BJ, Jacobsen, SJ, Weston, SA, Killian, JM, Meverden, RA & Allison, TG, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction in the community. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:988–996. PubMed CrossRef

25. Eagle, KA, Guyton, RA, Davidoff, R, Edwards, FH, Ewy, GA & Gardner, TJ, et al. ACC/AHA 2004 guideline update for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1999 Guidelines for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery). Circulation. 2004;110:1168–1176. PubMed

26. Mosca, L, Banka, CL, Benjamin, EJ, Berra, K, Bushnell, C, Dolor, RJ & Ganiats, TG, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women: 2007 update. Circulation. 2007;115:1481–501. PubMed

27. Smith, SC Jr., Feldman, TE, Hirshfeld, JW Jr, Jacobs, AK, Kern, MJ & King, SB 3rd, et al. ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention – summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/SCAI Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:216–235. PubMed CrossRef

28. Balady, GJ, Williams, MA, Ades, PA, Bittner, V, Comoss, P & Foody, JM, et al. Core components of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs: 2007 update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Circulation. 2007 22;115:2675–2682.

29. Thomas, RJ, King, M, Lui, K, Oldridge, N, Piña, IL & Spertus, J. AACVPR/ACC/AHA 2007 Performance measures on cardiac rehabilitation for referral to and delivery of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention services. Circulation 2007;116;1611–1642. PubMed

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Chapter 5 – Secondary Prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease

1. Smith, SC Jr, Blair, SN, Bonow, RO, Brass, LM, Cerqueira, MD & Dracup, K, et al. AHA/ACC guidelines for preventing heart attack and death in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: 2001 update: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. Circulation. 2001;104:1577–1579. Available at: http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/104/13/1577. Accessed March 21, 2008. PubMed

2. Smith, SC Jr, Allen, J, Blair, SN, Bonow, RO, Brass, LM & Fonarow, GC, et al. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update. Circulation. 2006;113:2363–2372. Available at: http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/113/19/2363. Accessed March 21, 2008. PubMed

3. King, SB III, Smith, SC Jr, Hirshfeld, JW Jr, Jacobs, AK, Morrison, DA & Williams, DO. 2007 focused update of the ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: (2007 Writing Group to Review New Evidence and Update the 2005 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline Update for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:172–209. Available at: http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/content/full/j.jacc.2007.10.002. Accessed March 21, 2008. PubMed CrossRef

4. Chobanian, AV, Bakris, GL, Black, HR, Cushman, WC, Green, LA & Izzo, JL Jr, et al., for the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206–1252. Available at: http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/42/6/1206. Accessed March 21, 2008. PubMed

5. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of the Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–2497. Available at: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/285/19/2486. Accessed March 21, 2008. PubMed CrossRef

6. Grundy, SM, Cleeman, JI, Merz, CN, Brewer, HB Jr, Clark, LT & Hunninghake, DB, et al., for the Coordinating Committee of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines [published correction appears in Circulation. 2004;110:763]. Circulation. 2004;110:227–239. Available at: http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/110/2/227. Accessed March 27, 2008. PubMed

7. Graham, I, Atar, D, Borch-Johnsen, K, Boysen, G, Burell, G & Cifkova, R, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: full text: Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007;14(suppl 2):S1–S113. Available at: http://www.escardio.org/NR/rdonlyres/2A4EF76B-D3AD-4313-B8BF-7D0BCC405CB8/0/guidelines_CVD_Prev_ES_FT_2007.pdf. Accessed March 21, 2008. PubMed CrossRef

8. ACCORD Study GroupBuse, JB, Bigger, JT, Byington, RP, Cooper, LS, Cushman, WC & Friedewald, WT, et al. Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial: design and methods. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99(12A):21i–33i. Available at: http://www.ajconline.org/article/S0002-9149(07)00438-9/fulltext. Accessed March 27, 2008. PubMed

9. Byington, RP, Genuth, S, Friedewald, WT & Simons-Morton, DG, eds. Rationale, Design and Methods of The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Trial. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99(12, suppl S). Available at: http://www.ajconline.org/issues. Accessed March 27, 2008.

Chapter 6 – Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)

1. Smith, SC Jr, Feldman, TE, Hirshfeld, JW Jr, Jacobs, AK, Kern, MJ, King, SB III, Morrison, DA, O'Neill, WW, Schaff, HV, Whitlow, PL & Williams, DO. ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/SCAI Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:e1–e121. Available at: http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/content/full/47/1/e1. Accessed March 21, 2008. PubMed CrossRef

2. King, SB III, Smith, SC Jr, Hirshfeld, JW Jr, Jacobs, AK, Morrison, DA & Williams, DO. 2007 Focused update of the ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (2007 Writing Group to Review New Evidence and Update the 2005 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline Update for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:172–209. Available at: http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/content/full/j.jacc.2007.10.002. Accessed March 21, 2008. CrossRef

3. Antman, EM, Hand, M, Armstrong, PW, Bates, ER, Green, LA, Halasyamani, LK, Hochman, JS, Krumholz, HM, Lamas, GA, Mullany, CJ, Pearle, DL, Sloan, MA & Smith, SC Jr. 2007 Focused update of the ACC/AHA 2004 guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Group to Review New Evidence and Update the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:210–247. Available at: http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/content/full/j.jacc.2007.10.001. Accessed March 21, 2008. PubMed CrossRef

4. Anderson, JL, Adams, CD, Antman, EM, Bridges, CR, Califf, RM, Casey, DE Jr, Chavey, WE Jr, Fesmire, FM, Hochman, JS, Levin, TN, Lincoff, AM, Peterson, ED, Theroux, P, Wenger, NK & Wright, RS. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction): developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:e1–e157. Available at: http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/content/full/50/7/e1. Accessed March 21, 2008. PubMed CrossRef

5. Smith, SC, Allen, J, Blair, SN, Bonow, RO, Brass, LM, Fonarow, GC, Grundy, SM, Hiratzka, L, Jones, D, Krumholz, HM, Mosca, L, Pasternak, RC, Pearson, T, Pfeffer, MA & Taubert, KA. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update. Circulation. 2006;113:2363–2372. Available at: http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/113/19/2363. Accessed March 21, 2008. PubMed

6. Antman, EM, Tanasijevic, MJ, Thompson, B, Schactman, M, McCabe, CH, Cannon, CP, Fischer, GA, Fung, AY, Thompson, C, Wybenga, , Braunwald, D & , E. Cardiac-specific troponin I levels to predict the risk of mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1342–1349. PubMed CrossRef

7. Hirshfeld, JW Jr, Ellis, SG & Faxon, DP. ACC clinical competence statement: recommendations for the assessment and maintenance of proficiency in coronary interventional procedures. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:722–743. PubMed CrossRef

8. Hirshfeld, JWJ, Banas, JS Jr, Brundage, BH, Cowley, M, Dehmer, GJ, Ellis, SG, Ewy, GA, Faxon, DP, Holmes, DR Jr, Jacobs, AK, Little, WC, Magorien, RD, Nocero, MA Jr, Oesterle, S, Pepine, CJ, Taubman, M, Tommaso, C, Vlietstra, RE & Vogel, R. American College of Cardiology training statement on recommendations for the structure of an optimal adult interventional cardiology training program: a report of the American College of Cardiology task force on clinical expert consensus documents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34:2141–2147. PubMed CrossRef

9. O'Neill, WW, Brodie, BR, Ivanhoe, R, Knopf, W, Taylor, G, O'Keefe, J, Grines, CL, Weintraub, R, Sickinger, BG & Berdan, LG, et al. Primary coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction (the Primary Angioplasty Registry). Am J Cardiol. 1994;73:627–634. PubMed

10. Grines, CL, Browne, KF, Marco, J, Rothbaum, D, Stone, GW, O'Keefe, J, Overlie, P, Donohue, B, Chelliah, N, Timmis, GC, Vlietstra, RE, Strzelecki, M, Puchrowicz-Ochocki, S, O'Neill, WW & the Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group, . A comparison of immediate angioplasty with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:673–679. PubMed

11. Wharton, TP Jr, McNamara, NS, Fedele, FA, Jacobs, MI, Gladstone, AR & Funk, EJ. Primary angioplasty for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction: experience at two community hospitals without cardiac surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:1257–1265. PubMed CrossRef

12. Klinke, WP & Hui, W. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty without on-site surgical facilities. Am J Cardiol. 1992;70:1520–1525. PubMed CrossRef

13. Meier, B, Urban, P, Dorsaz, PA & Favre, J. Surgical standby for coronary balloon angioplasty. JAMA. 1992;268:741–745. PubMed CrossRef

14. Iniguez, A, Macaya, C, Hernandez, R, Alfonso, F, Goicolea, J, Casado, J & Zarco, P. Comparison of results of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with and without selective requirement of surgical standby. Am J Cardiol. 1992;69:1161–1165. PubMed CrossRef

15. Surgical cover for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: the Council of the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society. Br Heart J. 1992;68:339–341. PubMed CrossRef

16. Sowton, E, de Bono, D, Gribbin, B, O'Keeffe, B, Shui, MF & Silverton, P. Coronary angioplasty in the United Kingdom: report of a Working Party of the British Cardiac Society. Br Heart J. 1991;66:325–331. PubMed CrossRef

17. Loubeyre, C, Morice, MC, Berzin, B, Virot, , Commeau, P, Drobinski, P, Ethevenot, G, Moquet, G, Marco, B, Labrunie, J, Cattan, P, Coste, S, Aubry, P, Ferrier, P & , A. Emergency coronary artery bypass surgery following coronary angioplasty and stenting: results of a French multicenter registry. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 1999;47:441–448. PubMed CrossRef

18. Vogt, A, Bonzel, T, Harmjanz, D, von Leitner, ER, Pfafferott, C, Engel, HJ, Niederer, W, Schuster, PR, Glunz, HG & Neuhaus, KL; Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leitender Kardiologischer Krankenhausarzte (ALKK) Study Group. PTCA registry of German community hospitals. Eur Heart J. 1997;18:1110–1114. PubMed

19. Dellavalle, A, Steffenino, G, Ribichini, F, Russo, P & Uslenghi, E. Elective coronary angioplasty with and without surgical standby: clinical and angiographic criteria for the selection of patients. Coron Artery Dis. 1995;6:513–520. PubMed

20. Richardson, SG, Morton, P, Murtagh, JG, O'Keeffe, DB, Murphy, P & Scott, ME. Management of acute coronary occlusion during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: experience of complications in a hospital without on site facilities for cardiac surgery. BMJ. 1990;300:355–358. PubMed

21. Reifart, N, Preusler, W, Schwarz,  & , F, et al. A large center experience of coronary angioplasty without on-site surgical standby. In: Topol, EJ & Serruys, PW, eds. Current Review of Interventional Cardiology. Philadelphia, Pa: Current Medicine Group; 1995:296–303.

22. Yusuf, S, Wittes, J, Probstfield, J & Tyroler, HA. Analysis and interpretation of treatment effects in subgroups of patients in randomized clinical trials. JAMA. 1991;266:93–98. PubMed CrossRef

23. Wennberg, DE, Lucas, FL, Siewers, AE, Kellett, MA & Malenka, DJ. Outcomes of percutaneous coronary interventions performed at centers without and with onsite coronary artery bypass graft surgery. JAMA. 2004;292:1961–1968. PubMed CrossRef

24. DeWood, MA, Stifter, WF, Simpson, CS, Spores, J, Eugster, GS, Judge, TP & Hinnen, ML. Coronary arteriographic findings soon after non–Q-wave myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:417–423. PubMed

25. Braunwald, E. Unstable angina: an etiologic approach to management. Circulation. 1998;98:2219–2222. PubMed

26. Bavry, AA, Kumbhani, DJ, Rassi, AN, Bhatt, DL & Askari, AT. Benefit of early invasive therapy in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of contemporary randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1319–1325. PubMed

27. Ryan, TJ, Antman, EM, Brooks, NH, Califf, RM, Hillis, LD, Hiratzka, LF, Rapaport, E, Riegel, B, Russell, RO, Smith, EE III, Weaver, WD, Gibbons, RJ, Alpert, JS, Eagle, KA, Gardner, TJ, Garson, A Jr, Gregoratos, G, Ryan, TJ & Smith, SC Jr. 1999 update: ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34:890–911. PubMed CrossRef

28. Scanlon, PJ, Faxon, DP, Audet, A, Carabello, B, Dehmer, GJ, Eagle, KA, Legako, RD, Leon, DF, Murray, JA, Nissen, SE, Pepine, CJ, Watson, RM, Ritchie, JL, Gibbons, RJ, Cheitlin, MD, Gardner, TJ, Garson, A Jr, Russell, RO Jr, Ryan, TJ & Smith, SC Jr. ACC/AHA guidelines for coronary angiography: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Coronary Angiography). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:1756–1824. PubMed CrossRef

29. Silber, S, Albertsson, P, Avilés, FF, Camici, PG, Colombo, A, Hamm, C, Jørgensen, E, Marco, J, Nordrehaug, J-E, Ruzyllo, W, Urban, P, Stone, GW & Wijns, W. Guidelines for percutaneous coronary interventions: the Task Force for Percutaneous Coronary Interventions of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:804–847. Available at: http://www.escardio.org/NR/rdonlyres/CA4B73B0-85D7-4722-B44E-F8E441A04CC9/0/guidelines_PCI_FT_2005.pdf. Accessed March 21, 2008. PubMed CrossRef

30. Boden, WE, O'Rourke, RA, Teo, KK, Hartigan, PM, Maron, DJ, Kostuk, WJ, Knudtson, M, Dada, M, Casperson, P, Harris, CL, Chaitman, BR, Shaw, L, Gosselin, G, Nawaz, S, Title, LM, Gau, G, Blaustein, AS, Booth, DC, Bates, ER, Spertus, JA, Berman, DS, Mancini, GBJ & Weintraub, WS; for the COURAGE Trial Research Group. Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1503–1516. Available at: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/356/15/1503. Accessed March 21, 2008. PubMed

Chapter 7 – Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery (CABG)

1. Eagle, KA, Guyton, RA & Davidoff, R, et al. ACC/AHA 2004 Guideline Update for Coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Circulation. 2004;110;e340–3437. PubMed

2. Jones, RH, Hannan, EL & Hammermeister, KE, et al. for the Working Group Panel on the Cooperative CABG Database Project. Identification of preoperative variables needed for risk adjustment of short-term mortality after CABG. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28:1478–1487. PubMed CrossRef

3. Edwards, FH, Grover, FL, Shroyer, AL, Schwartz, M & Bero, J. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Cardiac Surgery Database: current risk assessment. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;63:903–908. PubMed CrossRef

4. Hannan, EL & Burke, J. Effect of age on mortality in coronary artery bypass surgery in New York, 1991–1992. Am Heart J. 1994;128:1184–1191. PubMed CrossRef

5. Phillips, SJ, Kongtahworn, C, Skinner, JR & Zeff, RH. Emergency coronary artery reperfusion: a choice therapy for evolving myocardial infarction: results in 339 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983;86:679–688. PubMed

6. Brown, WM 3rd & Jones, EL. First operation for myocardial revascularization. In: Edmunds, LH, et al., eds. Cardiac Surgery in the Adult, 1st ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1997, pp. 535–572.

7. Gott, JP & Han, DC. Surgical treatment of acute myocardial infarct: clinical considerations. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;7:198–207. PubMed

8. DeWood, MA, Spores, J & Berg, R, et al. Acute myocardial infarction: a decade of experience with surgical reperfusion in 701 patients. Circulation. 1983;68:II-8–II16.

9. Hochman, JS, Sleeper, LA & White, HD, et al., for the SHOCK Investigators. Should we emergently revascularize occluded coronaries for cardiogenic shock. One-year survival following early revascularization for cardiogenic shock. JAMA. 2001;285:190–192. PubMed CrossRef

10. Roach, GW, Kanchuger, M & Mangano, CM, et al., for the Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group and . Adverse cerebral outcomes after coronary bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1857–1863. PubMed CrossRef

11. Borger, MA, Ivanov, J, Weisel, RD, Rao, V & Peniston, CM. Stroke during coronary bypass surgery: principle role of cerebral macroemboli. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;19:627–632. PubMed

12. Blauth, CI, Cosgrove, DM & Webb, BW, et al. Atheroembolism from the ascending aorta: an emerging problem in cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1988;96:304–306. PubMed

13. Tobler, HG & Edwards, JE. Frequency and location of atherosclerotic plaques in the ascending aorta. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1988;96:304–306. PubMed

14. Wareing, TH, Davila-Roman, VG & Daily, BB, et al. Strategy for the reduction of stroke incidence in cardiac surgical patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;55:1400–1407. PubMed

15. Wareing, TH, Davila-Roman, VG, Barzilai, B, Murphy, SF & Kouchoukos, NT. Management of the severely atherosclerotic ascending aorta during cardiac operations: a strategy for detection and treatment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;103:453–462. PubMed

16. The French Study of Aortic Plaques in Stroke Group. Atherosclerotic disease of the aortic arch as a risk factor for recurrent ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1216–1221. PubMed CrossRef

17. Almassi, GH, Schowalter, T & Nicolosi, AC, et al. Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a major morbid event? Ann Surg. 1997;226:501–511. PubMed CrossRef

18. Johannessen, KA, Nordrehaug, JE & von der Lippe, G. Left ventricular thrombi after short-term high-dose anticoagulants in acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 1987;8:975–980. PubMed

19. McKhann, GM, Goldsborough, MA & Borowicz, LM, et al. Predictors of stroke risk in coronary artery bypass patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;63:516–521. PubMed CrossRef

20. D'Agostino, RS, Svensson, LG, Neumann, DJ, Balkhy, HH, Williamson, WA & Shahian, DM. Screening carotid ultrasonography and risk factors for stroke in coronary artery surgery patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996;62:1714–1723. PubMed

21. Faggioli, GL, Curl, GR & Ricotta, JJ. The role of carotid screening before coronary artery bypass. J Vasc Surg. 1990;12:724–729. PubMed CrossRef

22. Berens, ES, Kouchoukos, NT, Murphy, SF & Wareing, TH. Preoperative carotid artery screening in elderly patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Vasc Surg. 1992;15:313–321. PubMed CrossRef

23. Salasidis, GC, Latter, DA, Steinmetz, OK, Blair, JF & Graham, AM. Carotid artery duplex scanning in preoperative assessment for coronary artery revascularization: the association between peripheral vascular disease, carotid artery stenosis, and stroke. J Vasc Surg. 1995;21:154–160. PubMed CrossRef

24. Rizzo, RJ, Whittemore, AD & Couper, GS, et al. Combined carotid and coronary revascularization: the preferred approach to the severe vasculopath. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992;54:1099–1108. PubMed

25. Akins, CW, Moncure, AC & Daggett, WM, et al. Safety and efficacy of concomitant carotid and coronary artery operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;60:311–317. PubMed CrossRef

26. Hertzer, NR, Loop, FD, Beven, EG, O'Hara, PJ & Krajewski, LP. Surgical staging for simultaneous coronary and carotid disease: a study including prospective randomization. J Vasc Surg. 1989;9:455–463. PubMed CrossRef

27. Pugsley, W, Klinger, K, Paschalis, C, Treasure, T, Harrison, M & Newman, S. The impact of microemboli during CPB on neuropsychologic functioning. Stroke. 1994;25:1393–1399. PubMed

28. Padayachee, TS, Parsons, S, Theobold, R, Linley, J, Gosling, RG & Deverall, PB. The detection of microemboli in the middle cerebral artery during cardiopulmonary bypass: a transcranial Doppler ultrasound investigation using membrane and bubble oxygenators. Ann Thorac Surg. 1987;44:298–303. PubMed

29. Blauth, CI, Smith, PL, Arnold, JV, Jagoe, JR, Wootton, R & Taylor, KM. Influence of oxygenator type on the prevalence and extent of microembolic retinal ischemia during cardiopulmonary bypass: assessment by digital image analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1990;99:61–69. PubMed

30. Murkin, JM, Boyd, WD, Ganapathy, S, Adams, SJ & Peterson, RC. Beating heart surgery: why expect less central nervous system morbidity? Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68:1498–1501. PubMed CrossRef

31. Diegeler, A, Hirsch, R & Schneider, F, et al. Neuromonitoring and neurocognitive outcome in off-pump versus conventional coronary bypass operation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69:1162–1166. PubMed CrossRef

32. Cognitive outcome after off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2002;287:1405–1412. PubMed CrossRef

33. Murkin, JA, Martzke, JS, Buchan, AM, Bentley, C & Wong, CJ. A randomized study of the influence of perfusion technique and pH management strategy in 316 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Neurologic and cognitive outcomes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;110:349–362. PubMed CrossRef

34. Harris, DN, Bailey, SM, Smith, PL, Taylor, KM, Oatridge, A & Bydder, GM. Brain swelling in first hour after coronary artery bypass surgery. Lancet. 1993;342:586–587. PubMed CrossRef

35. Guyton, RA, Mellett, RJ & Weintraub, WS. A critical assessment of neurological risk during warm heart surgery. J Card Surg. 1995;10:488–492. PubMed CrossRef

36. Allen, BS, Buckberg, GD & Fontan, FM, et al. Superiority of controlled surgical reperfusion versus percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in acute coronary occlusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1993;105:864–884. PubMed

37. Force, T, Hibberd, P & Weeks, G, et al. Perioperative myocardial infarction after coronary artery bypass surgery: clinical significance and approach to risk stratification. Circulation. 1990;82:903–912. PubMed

38. Januzzi, JL, Lewandrowski, K & MacGillivray, TE, et al. A comparison of cardiac troponin T and creatinine kinase-MB for patient evaluation after cardiac surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:1518–1523. PubMed CrossRef

39. Christenson, JT, Simonet, F, Badel, P & Schmuziger, M. Evaluation of preoperative intra-aortic balloon pump support in high risk coronary patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1997;11:1097–1103. PubMed

40. Christenson, JT, Badel, P, Simonet, F & Schmuziger, M. Preoperative intraaortic balloon pump enhances cardiac performance and improves the outcome of redo CABG. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;64:1237–1244. PubMed

41. Loop, FD, Lytle, BW & Cosgrove, DM, et al. Influence of the internal-mammary-artery graft on 10-year survival and other cardiac events. N Engl J Med. 1986;314:1–6. PubMed

42. Edwards, FH, Clark, RE & Schwartz, M. Impact of internal mammary artery conduits on operative mortality in coronary revascularization. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994;57:27–32. PubMed

43. Zapolanski, A, Rosenblum, J & Myler, RK, et al. Emergency coronary artery bypass surgery following failed balloon angioplasty: role of the internal artery graft. J Card Surg. 1991;6:439–448. PubMed CrossRef

44. Zehender, M, Kasper, W & Kauder, E, et al. Right ventricular infarction as an independent predictor of prognosis after acute inferior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:981–988. PubMed CrossRef

45. Dell'Italia, LJ, Starling, MR & O'Rourke, RA. Physical examination for exclusion of hemodynamically important right ventricular infarction. Ann Intern Med. 1983;99:608–611. PubMed

46. Bowers, TR, O'Neill, WW, Grines, C, Pica, MC, Safian, RD & Goldstein, JA. Effect of reperfusion on biventricular function and survival after right ventricular infarction. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:933–940. PubMed

47. Goldstein, JA, Barzilai, B, Rosamond, TL, Eisenberg, PR & Jaffe, AS. Determinants of hemodynamic compromise with severe right ventricular infarction. Circulation. 1990;82:359–368. PubMed

48. Calvin, JE. Optimal right ventricular filling pressures and the role of pericardial constraint in right ventricular infarction in dogs. Circulation. 1991;84:852–861. PubMed

49. Hall, RI, Smith, MS & Rocker, G. The systemic inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass: pathophysiologic, therapeutic, and pharmacologic considerations. Anesth Analg. 1997;85:766–782. PubMed

50. Gott, JP, Cooper, WA & Schmidt, FE, et al. Modifying risk for extracorporeal circulation: trial of four anti-inflammatory strategies. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;66:747–753. PubMed

51. Furnary, AP, Zerr, KJ, Grunkemeier, GL & Starr, A. Continuous intravenous insulin infusion reduces the incidence of deep sternal wound infection in diabetic patients after cardiac surgical procedures. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67:352–360. PubMed CrossRef

52. Kreter, B & Woods, M. Antibiotic prophylaxis for cardiothoracic operations: meta-analysis of thirty years of clinical trials. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;104:590–599. PubMed

53. Rand, RP, Cochran, RP & Aziz, S, et al. Prospective trial of catheter irrigation and muscle flaps for sternal wound infection. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65:1046–1049. PubMed CrossRef

54. Almassi, GH, Schowalter, T & Nicolosi, AC, et al. Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a major morbid event? Ann Surg. 1997;226:501–511. PubMed CrossRef

55. Mathew, JP, Parks, R & Savino, JS, et al., for the MultiCenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. Atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: predictors, outcomes, and resource utilization. JAMA. 1996;276:300–306. PubMed CrossRef

56. Hylek, EM, Skates, SJ, Sheehan, MA & Singer, DE. An analysis of the lowest effective intensity of prophylactic anticoagulation for patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:540–546. PubMed CrossRef

57. Ferraris, VA & Gildengorin, V. Predictors of excessive blood use after coronary artery bypass grafting: a multivariate analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1989;98:492–497. PubMed

58. Harder, MP, Eijsman, L, Roozendaal, KJ, van Oeveren, W & Wildevuur, CR. Aprotinin reduces intraoperative and postoperative blood loss in membrane oxygenator cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991;51:936–941. PubMed

59. Cosgrove, DM, Heric, B & Lytle, BW, et al. Aprotinin therapy for reoperative myocardial revascularization: a placebo-controlled study. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992;54:1031–1036. PubMed

60. Del Rossi, AJ, Cernaianu, AC, Botros, S, Lemole, GM & Moore, R. Prophylactic treatment of postoperative bleeding using EACA. Chest. 1989;96:27–30. PubMed

61. Horrow, JC, Hlavacek, J & Strong, MD, et al. Prophylactic tranexamic acid decreases bleeding after cardiac operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1990;99:70–74. PubMed

62. Levy, JH, Pifarre, R & Schaff, HV, et al. A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of aprotinin for reducing blood loss and the requirement for donor-blood transfusion in patients undergoing repeat coronary artery bypass grafting. Circulation. 1995;92:2236–2244. PubMed

63. Scott, WJ, Rode, R & Castleman, B, et al. Efficacy, complications, and cost of a comprehensive blood conservation program for cardiac operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;103:1001–1006. PubMed

64. Helm, RE, Rosengart, TK & Gomez, M, et al. Comprehensive multimodality blood conservation: 100 consecutive CABG operations without transfusion. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65:125–136. PubMed CrossRef

65. Mangano, DT, for the Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. Aspirin and mortality from coronary bypass surgery. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1309–1317. PubMed CrossRef

66. Voors, AA, van Brussel, BL & Plokker, HW, et al. Smoking and cardiac events after venous coronary bypass surgery: a 15-year follow-up study. Circulation. 1996;93:42–47. PubMed

67. FitzGibbon, GM, Leach, AJ & Kafka, HP. Atherosclerosis of coronary bypass grafts after smoking. CMAJ. 1987;136:45–47. PubMed

68. Oldridge, NB, Guyatt, GH, Fischer, ME & Rimm, AA. Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction. Combined experience of randomized clinical trials. JAMA. 1988;260:945–950. PubMed CrossRef

69. O'Connor, GT, Buring, JE & Yusuf, S, et al. An overview of randomized trials of rehabilitation with exercise after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1989;80:234–244. PubMed

70. Milani, RV & Lavie, CJ. Prevalence and effects of cardiac rehabilitation on depression in the elderly with coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81:1233–1236.

71. McGrath, LB, Laub, GW, Graf, D & Gonzalez-Lavin, L. Hospital death on a cardiac surgical service: negative influence of changing practice patterns. Ann Thorac Surg. 1990;49:410–412. PubMed

72. Moshkovitz, Y, Paz, Y & Shabtai, E, et al. Predictors of early and overall outcome in coronary artery bypass without cardiopulmonary bypass. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1997;12:31–39. PubMed CrossRef

73. Tashiro, T, Todo, K, Haruta, Y, Yasunaga, H & Tachikawa, Y. Coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass for high-risk patients. Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;4:207–211. PubMed CrossRef

74. Moshkovitz, Y, Lusky, A & Mohr, R. Coronary artery bypass without cardiopulmonary bypass: analysis of short-term and mid-term outcome in 220 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995;110:979–987. PubMed CrossRef

75. Jones, EL, Weintraub, WS, Craver, JM, Guyton, RA & Cohen, CL. Coronary bypass surgery: is the operation different today? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991;101:108–115. PubMed

76. Kallis, P, Unsworth-White, J & Munsch, C, et al. Disability and distress following cardiac surgery in patients over 70 years of age. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1993;7:306–311. PubMed CrossRef

77. Cane, ME, Chen, C & Bailey, BM, et al. CABG in octogenarians: early and late events and actuarial survival in comparison with a matched population. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;60:1033–1037. PubMed

78. Boucher, JM, Dupras, A, Jutras, N, Pagé, V, LeLorier, J & Gagnon, RM. Long-term survival and functional status in the elderly after cardiac surgery. Can J Cardiol. 1997;13:646–652.

79. Edwards, FH, Taylor, AJ & Thompson, L, et al. Current status of coronary artery operation in septuagenarians. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991;52:265–269. PubMed

80. Edwards, FH, Carey, JS, Grover, FL, Bero, JW & Hartz, RS. Impact of gender on coronary bypass operative mortality. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;66:125–131. PubMed CrossRef

81. O'Connor, GT, Morton, JR & Diehl, MJ, et al., for the Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group. Differences between men and women in hospital mortality associated with coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Circulation. 1993;88:2104–2110. PubMed

82. Brandrup-Wognsen, G, Berggren, H, Hartford, M, Hjalmarson, A, Karlsson, T & Herlitz, J. Female sex is associated with increased mortality and morbidity early, but not late, after coronary artery bypass grafting. Eur Heart J. 1996;17:1426–1431. PubMed

83. King, KB, Clark, PC & Hicks, GL. Patterns of referral and recovery in women and men undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol. 1992;69:179–182.

84. Utley, JR, Wilde, EF, Leyland, SA, Morgan, MS & Johnson, HD. Intraoperative blood transfusion is a major risk factor for coronary artery bypass grafting in women. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;60:570–574; 574–575. PubMed

85. The Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) Investigators. Comparison of coronary bypass surgery with angioplasty in patients with multivessel disease. [published errata appears in N Engl J Med. 1997;336:2] N Engl J Med. 1996;335:217–225. PubMed

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94. Green, SJ, Pizzarello, RA, Padmanabhan, VT, Ong, LY, Hall, MH & Tortolani, AJ. Relation of angina pectoris to coronary artery disease in aortic valve stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 1985;55:1063–1065. PubMed CrossRef

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96. Aklog, L, Filsoufi, F & Flores, KQ, et al. Does coronary artery bypass grafting alone correct moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation? Circulation. 2001;104:I68–75. PubMed

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98. Wolman, RL, Nussmeier, NA & Aggarwal, A, et al. Cerebral injury after cardiac surgery: identification of a group at extraordinary risk. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group (McSPI) and the Ischemia Research Education Foundation (IREF) Investigators. Stroke. 1999;30:514–522.

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100. Baker, DW, Jones, R, Hodges, J, Massie, BM, Konstam, MA & Rose, EA. Management of heart failure. III. the role of revascularization in the treatment of patients with moderate or severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction. JAMA. 1994;272:1528–1534. PubMed

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102. Ståhle, E, Bergström, R & Edlund, B, et al. Influence of left ventricular function on survival after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;64:437–444. PubMed CrossRef

103. Passamani, E, Davis, KB, Gillespie, MJ & Killip, T. A randomized trial of coronary artery bypass surgery: survival of patients with a low ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 1985;312:1665–1671. PubMed

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105. Gao, SZ, Alderman, EL, Schroeder, JS, Silverman, JF & Hunt, SA. Accelerated coronary vascular disease in the heart transplant patient: coronary arteriographic findings. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;12:334–340. PubMed

106. Dresler, C, Uthoff, K & Wahlers, T, et al. Open heart operations after renal transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;63:143–146. PubMed CrossRef

107. Mitruka, SN, Griffith, BP & Kormos, RL, et al. Cardiac operations in solid-organ transplant recipients. Ann Thorac Surg. 1997;64:1270–1278. PubMed CrossRef

108. Angelini, GD, Taylor, FC, Reeves, BC & Ascione, R. Early and midterm outcome after off-pump and on-pump surgery in Beating Heart Against Cardioplegic Arrest Studies (BHACAS 1 and 2): a pooled analysis of two randomized controlled trials. Lancet. 2002;359:1194–1199. PubMed CrossRef

109. van Dijk, D, Nierich, AP & Jansen, EW, et al., for the Octopus Study Group. Early outcome after off-pump versus on-pump coronary bypass surgery: results from a randomized study. Circulation. 2001;104:1761–1766. PubMed

110. Puskas, JD, Williams, WH & Duke, PG, et al. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting provides complete revascularization with reduced myocardial injury, transfusion requirements, and length of stay: a prospective randomized comparison of two hundred unselected patients undergoing off-pump versus conventional coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;125:797–808. PubMed CrossRef

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112. Schofield, PM, Sharples, LD & Caine, N, et al. Transmyocardial laser revascularization in patients with refractory angina: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1999;353:519–524. PubMed CrossRef

113. Allen, KB, Dowling, RD & Fudge, TL, et al. Comparison of transmyocardial revascularization with medical therapy in patients with refractory angina. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1029–1036. PubMed CrossRef

114. Burkhoff, D, Schmidt, S & Schulman, SP, et al., for the ATLANTIC Investigators. Angina Treatments – Lasers and Normal Therapies in Comparison. Transmyocardial laser revascularization compared with continued medical therapy for treatment of refractory angina pectoris: a prospective randomized trial. Lancet. 1999;354:885–890. PubMed

115. Frazier, OH, March, RJ & Horvath, KA. Transmyocardial revascularization with a carbon dioxide laser in patients with end-stage coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1021–1028. PubMed CrossRef

116. Aaberge, L, Rootwelt, K, Blomhoff, S, Saatvedt, K, Abdelnoor, M & Forfang, K. Continued symptomatic improvement three to five years after transmyocardial revascularization with CO₂ laser: a late clinical follow-up of the Norwegian Randomized trial with transmyocardial revascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:1588–1593. PubMed CrossRef

117. Horvath, KA, Aranki, SF & Cohn, LH, et al. Sustained angina relief 5 years after transmyocardial laser revascularization with a CO₂ laser. Circulation. 2001;104(Suppl I):I-81–84.

118. Christenson, JT, Simonet, F, Badel, P & Schmuziger, M. Optimal timing of preoperative intraaortic balloon pump support in high-risk coronary patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;68:934–939. PubMed

119. Herlitz, J, Brandrup, G & Haglid, M, et al. Death, mode of death, morbidity and rehospitalization after coronary artery bypass grafting in relation to occurrence of and time since a previous myocardial infarction. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;45:109–113. PubMed

120. Afridi, I, Grayburn, PA, Panza, JA, Oh, JK, Zoghbi, WA & Marwick, TH. Myocardial viability during dobutamine echocardiography predicts survival in patients with coronary artery disease and severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:921–926. PubMed CrossRef

121. Berger, PB, Stensrud, PE & Daly, RC, et al. Time to reperfusion and other procedural characteristics of emergency coronary artery bypass surgery after unsuccessful coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:565–569.

122. Barner, HB, Lea, JW, Naunheim, KS & Stoney, WS. Emergency coronary bypass not associated with preoperative cardiogenic shock in failed angioplasty, after fibrinolysis, and for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1989;79(Suppl I):I-152–159.

123. Ladowski, JS, Dillon, TA, Deschner, WP, DeRiso, AJ, Peterson, AC & Schatzlein, MH. Durability of emergency coronary artery bypass for complications of failed angioplasty. Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;4:23–27. PubMed CrossRef

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125. Yusuf, S, Zucker, D & Peduzzi, P, et al. Effect of coronary artery bypass graft surgery on survival: overview of 10-year results from randomized trials by the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Trialists Collaboration. Lancet. 1994;344:563–570. PubMed CrossRef

Chapter 8 – Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Care for Noncardiac Surgery

1. Lee, TH, Marcantonio, ER, Mangione, CM, Thomas, EJ, Polanczyk, CA & Cook, EF, et al. Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation. 1999;100(10):1043–1049. PubMed

2. Reilly, DF, McNeely, MJ, Doerner, D, Greenberg, DL, Staiger, TO & Geist, MJ, et al. Self-reported exercise tolerance and the risk of serious perioperative complications. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(18):2185–2192. PubMed CrossRef

3. Hlatky, MA, Boineau, RE, Higginbotham, MB, Lee, KL, Mark, DB & Califf, RM, et al. A brief self-administered questionnaire to determine functional capacity (the Duke Activity Status Index). Am J Cardiol. 1989;64(10):651–654.

4. McFalls, EO, Ward, HB, Moritz, TE, Goldman, S, Krupski, WC & Littooy, F, et al. Coronary-artery revascularization before elective major vascular surgery. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(27):2795–2804. PubMed CrossRef

5. Poldermans, D, Bax, JJ, Schouten, O, Neskovic, AN, Paelinck, B & Rocci, G, et al. Should major vascular surgery be delayed because of preoperative cardiac testing in intermediate-risk patients receiving beta-blocker therapy with tight heart rate control? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(5):964–969. PubMed CrossRef

6. Poldermans, D, Schouten, O, Vidakovic, R, Bax, JJ, Thomson, IR & Hoeks, SE, et al. A clinical randomized trial to evaluate the safety of a noninvasive approach in high-risk patients undergoing major vascular surgery: the DECREASE-V Pilot Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(17):1763–1769. PubMed CrossRef

7. Hertzer, NR, Bevan, EG, Young, JR, O'Hara, PJ, Ruschhaupt, WF & Graor, RA, et al. Coronary artery disease in peripheral vascular patients: A classification of 1000 coronary angiograms and results of surgical management. Ann Surg. 1984;199:223–233. PubMed CrossRef

8. Landesberg, G, Berlatzky, Y, Bocher, M, Alcalai, R, Anner, H & Ganon-Rozental, T, et al. A clinical survival score predicts the likelihood to benefit from preoperative thallium scanning and coronary revascularization before major vascular surgery. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(5):533–539. PubMed CrossRef

9. Beattie, WS, Abdelnaem, E, Wijeysundera, DN & Buckley, DN. A meta-analytic comparison of preoperative stress echocardiography and nuclear scintigraphy imaging. Anesth Analg. 2006;102(1):8–16. PubMed

10. Grines, CL, Bonow, RO, Casey, DE Jr, Gardner, TJ, Lockhart, PB & Moliterno, DJ, et al. Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American College of Surgeons, and American Dental Association, with representation from the American College of Physicians. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(6):734–739. PubMed CrossRef

11. Kaluza, GL, Joseph, J, Lee, JR, Raizner, ME & Raizner, AE. Catastrophic outcomes of noncardiac surgery soon after coronary stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35(5):1288–1294. PubMed CrossRef

12. Posner, KL, Van Norman, GA & Chan, V. Adverse cardiac outcomes after noncardiac surgery in patients with prior percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Anesthes Analges. 1999;89(3):553–560. CrossRef

13. Vicenzi, MN, Meislitzer, T, Heitzinger, B, Halaj, M, Fleisher, LA & Metzler, H. Coronary artery stenting and non-cardiac surgery – a prospective outcome study. Br J Anaesth. 2006;96(6):686–693. PubMed CrossRef

14. Eagle, KA, Guyton, RA, Davidoff, R, Edwards, FH, Ewy, GA & Gardner, TJ, et al. ACC/AHA 2004 guideline update for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1999 Guidelines for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery). Circulation. 2004;110(14):e340–437. PubMed

15. Hoeks, SE, Op Reimer, Scholte, van Urk, WJ, Jorning, H, Boersma, PJ & , E, et al. Increase of 1-year mortality after perioperative beta-blocker withdrawal in endovascular and vascular surgery patients. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;33:13–19. PubMed CrossRef

16. Juul, AB, Wetterslev, J, Gluud, C, Kofoed-Enevoldsen, A, Jensen, G & Callesen, T, et al. Effect of perioperative beta-blockade in patients with diabetes undergoing major non-cardiac surgery: randomised placebo controlled, blinded multicentre trial. BMJ. 2006;332(7556):1482. PubMed

17. Lindenauer, PK, Pekow, P, Wang, K, Mamidi, DK, Gutierrez, B & Benjamin, EM. Perioperative beta-blocker therapy and mortality after major noncardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(4):349–361. PubMed CrossRef

18. Mangano, DT, Layug, EL, Wallace, A & Tateo, I. Effect of atenolol on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity after noncardiac surgery. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1996;335(23):1713–1720. PubMed CrossRef

19. Poldermans, D, Boersma, E, Bax, JJ, Thomson, IR, van De Ven, LL & Blankensteijn, JD, et al. The effect of bisoprolol on perioperative mortality and myocardial infarction in high-risk patients undergoing vascular surgery. Dutch Echocardiographic Cardiac Risk Evaluation Applying Stress Echocardiography Study Group [see comments]. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(24):1789–1794. PubMed CrossRef

20. Yang, H, Raymer, K, Butler, R, Parlow, J & Roberts, R. The effects of perioperative beta-blockade: results of the Metoprolol after Vascular Surgery (MaVS) study, a randomized controlled trial. Am Heart J. 2006;152(5):983–990. PubMed CrossRef

21. Le Manach, Y, Godet, G, Coriat, P, Martinon, C, Bertrand, M, Fleron, MH & Riou, B. The impact of postoperative discontinuation or continuation of chronic statin therapy on cardiac outcome after major vascular surgery. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(6):1326–1333, table of contents. PubMed CrossRef

22. Wijeysundera, DN, Naik, JS & Beattie, WS. Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists to prevent perioperative cardiovascular complications: a meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2003;114(9):742–752. CrossRef

23. Practice guidelines for perioperative transesophageal echocardiography. A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists and the Society of Cardiovas-cular Anesthesiologists Task Force on Transesophageal Echocardiography. Anesthesiology. 1996;84(4):986–1006. PubMed CrossRef

24. Frank, SM, Fleisher, LA, Breslow, MJ, Higgins, MS, Olson, KF, Kelly, S & Beattie, C. Perioperative maintenance of normothermia reduces the incidence of morbid cardiac events. A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 1997;277(14):1127–1134. PubMed CrossRef

25. Sandham, JD, Hull, RD, Brant, RF, Knox, L, Pineo, GF & Doig, CJ, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of the use of pulmonary-artery catheters in high-risk surgical patients. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(1):5–14. PubMed CrossRef

26. Practice Guidelines for Pulmonary Artery Catheterization: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Pulmonary Artery Catheterization. Anesthesiology. 2003;99(4):988–1014. PubMed CrossRef

27. Palda, VA & Detsky, AS. Perioperative assessment and management of risk from coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127(4):313–328. PubMed

28. Group, PS. Effects of extended-release metoprolol succinate in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery (POISE trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;371:1839–1847. PubMed CrossRef

29. Fleisher, LA & Poldermans, D. Perioperative beta-blockade: Where do we go from here? Lancet. 2008;371:1813–1814. PubMed CrossRef

Chapter 9 – Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

1. Hirsch, AT, Haskal, ZJ & Hertzer, NR, et al. ACC/AHA Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease [Lower Extremity, Renal, Mesenteric, and Abdominal Aortic]). Circulation. 2006;113:1474–547; and J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:1239–1312.

2. Spertus, JA, Eagle, KA, Krumholz, HM, Mitchell, KR & Normand, ST, for the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures. American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association methodology for the selection and creation of performance measures for quantifying the quality of cardiovascular care. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1147–1156. PubMed CrossRef

3. Radford, MJ, Heidenreich, PA, Bailey, SR, Goff, DC, Grover, FL & Havranek, EP, et al. ACC/AHA methodology for the development of clinical data standards. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(7):830–837. PubMed CrossRef

4. TASC. Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) TransAtlantic Intersociety Consensus (TASC). J Vasc Surg. 2000;31(1 part 2):S1–S287. PubMed CrossRef

5. Norgren, L, Hiatt, WR, Dormandy, JA, Nehler, MR, Harris, KA & Fowkes, FGR, on behalf of the TASC II Working Group. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;33:S1–S70. PubMed CrossRef

6. BASIL trial investigators. Bypass versus angioplasty in severe ischaemia of the leg (BASIL): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1925–1934. PubMed CrossRef

7. Schillinger, M, Sabeti, S, Loewe, C, Dick, P, Amighi, J & Mlekusch, W, et al. Balloon angioplasty vs. stenting with nitinol stents in the superficial femoral artery. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1879–1888. PubMed CrossRef

8. Murphy, TP, Hirsch, AT, Cutlip, DE, Mohler, E, Regensteiner, JG & Cohen, DJ, et al. The National Institutes of Health CLEVER Study (Claudication: Exercise vs. Endoluminal Revascularization): Rationale and Methods. J Vasc Surg. 2008;47(6):1356–1363. CrossRef

9. Allison, MA, Ho, E, Denenberg, JO, Langer, RD, Newman, AB, Fabsitz, RR & Criqui, MH. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32(4):328–333. PubMed CrossRef

10. Warfarin Antiplatelet Vascular Evaluation Trial investigators. Oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy and peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357:217–227. PubMed CrossRef

Chapter 10 – Cholesterol Management in the Context of Risk Factor Profile

1. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143–3421. PubMed

2. Grundy, SM, Cleeman, JI, Merz, CN, Brewer, HB Jr, Clark, LT & Hunninghake, DB, et al.; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation. 2004;110:227–239. PubMed

3. Smith, SC Jr, Allen, J, Blair, SN, Bonow, RO, Brass, LM & Fonarow, GC, et al.; AHA/ACC; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update: endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Circulation. 2006;113:2363–2372. PubMed

4. Grundy, SM. The changing face of cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:173–175. PubMed CrossRef

5. Pischon, T, Girman, CJ, Sacks, FM, Rifai, N, Stampfer, MJ & Rimm, EB. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein B in the prediction of coronary heart disease in men. Circulation. 2005;112:3375–3383. PubMed

6. Ridker, PM, Rifai, N, Cook, NR, Bradwin, G & Buring, JE. Non-HDL cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I and B100, standard lipid measures, lipid ratios, and CRP as risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women. JAMA. 2005;294:326–333. PubMed CrossRef

7. Liu, J, Sempos, CT, Donahue, RP, Dorn, J, Trevisan, M & Grundy, SM. Non-high-density lipoprotein and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and their risk predictive values in coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:1363–1368. PubMed CrossRef

8. Superko, HR & King, S 3rd. Lipid management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a new strategy is required. Circulation. 2008;117:560–568. PubMed

9. [No authors listed] Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults – The Evidence Report. National Institutes of Health Obes Res. 1998;6 Suppl 2:51S–209S.

10. Law, MR, Wald, NJ & Thompson, SG. By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease? BMJ. 1994;308:367–372. PubMed

11. Cannon, CP, Steinberg, BA, Murphy, SA, Mega, JL & Braunwald, E. Meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcomes trials comparing intensive versus moderate statin therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:438–445. PubMed

12. Cleeman, JI & Grundy, SM. National Cholesterol Education Program recommendations for cholesterol testing in young adults. A science-based approach. Circulation. 1997;95:1646–1650. PubMed

13. Austin, MA, Hokanson, JE & Edwards, KL. Hypertriglyceridemia as a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81(4A):7B–12B. PubMed CrossRef

14. Assmann, G, Schulte, H, Funke, H & von Eckardstein, A. The emergence of triglycerides as a significant independent risk factor in coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 1998;19 Suppl M:M8–M14. PubMed

15. Barter, P, Kastelein, J, Nunn, A & R, Hobbs; Future Forum Editorial Board. High density lipoproteins (HDLs) and atherosclerosis; the unanswered questions. Atherosclerosis. 2003;168:195–211. PubMed

16. Grundy, SM, Cleeman, JI, Daniels, SR, Donato, KA, Eckel, RH & Franklin, BA, et al.; American Heart Association; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005;112:2735–2752. PubMed

17. Grundy, SM. Metabolic syndrome: a multiplex cardiovascular risk factor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:399–404. PubMed CrossRef

18. Graham, I, Atar, D & Borch-Johnsen, K, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007;14 Suppl 2:E1–E40. PubMed CrossRef

Chapter 11 – Hypertension

1. Chobanian, AV, Bakris, GL & Black, HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1406–1252.

2. Chobanian, AV, Bakris, GL & Black, HR, et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The JNC 7 Report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560–2572.

3. Pickering, TG, Hall, JE & Appel, LJ, et al. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals. Part 1: Blood pressure measurement in humans. A statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension. 2005;45:142–161. PubMed

4. Rosendorff, C, Black, HR & Cannon, CP, et al. Treatment of hypertension in the prevention and management of ischemic heart disease; a Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2007;115:2761–2788. PubMed

5. Appel, LJ, Brands, MW & Daniels, SR, et al. Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension. A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2006;47:296–308. PubMed CrossRef

6. Arauz-Pacheko, C, Parrott, MA, Raskin, P & the American Diabetes Association, . Treatment of hypertension in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:(Suppl.1):S80–S82. PubMed CrossRef

7. National Kidney Foundation. Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43:Suppl.1:S1–S290. PubMed

8. Douglas, JG, Bakris, GL & Epstein, M, et al. Management of high blood pressure in African-Americans. Consensus Statement of the Hypertension in African-Americans Working Group of the International Society of Hypertension in Blacks. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:525–541. PubMed CrossRef

9. Mancia, G, De Backer, G & Dominiczak, A, et al. 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension. The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens. 2007;25:1105–1187. PubMed CrossRef

10. Ong, KL, Cheung, BMY & Man, YB, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among United States adults 1999–2004. Hypertension. 2007;49:69–75. PubMed CrossRef

11. Lewington, S, Clarke, R, Qizilbash, N & Peto, R, et al. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360:1903–1913. PubMed CrossRef

12. Vasan, RS, Larsen, MG & Leip, EP, et al. Impact of high–normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1291–1297. PubMed CrossRef

13. Franklin, SS, Larson, MG & Khan, SA, et al. Does the relation of blood pressure to coronary heart disease risk change with aging? The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2001;103:1245–1249. PubMed

14. Burt, VL, Whelton, P & Roccella, EJ, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population. Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1991. Hypertension. 1995;25:305–313. PubMed

15. Neal, B, MacMahon, S & Chapman, N, et al. Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs. Lancet. 2000;356:1955–1964. PubMed CrossRef

16. Ogden, LG, He, J & Lydick, E, et al. Long-term absolute benefit of lowering blood pressure in hypertensive patients according to the JNC VI risk stratification. Hypertension. 2000;35:539–543. PubMed

17. Julius, S, Nesbitt, SD & Egan, BM, et al. Feasibility of treating prehypertension with an angiotensin receptor blocker. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1685–1697. PubMed CrossRef

18. Bakris, GL, Williams, M & Dworkin, L, et al. Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes: A consensus approach. National Kidney Foundation Hypertension and Diabetes Executive Committees Working Group. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36:646–661. PubMed

19. Marks, LA & Groch, A. Optimizing cuff width for noninvasive measurement of blood pressure. Blood Press Monit. 2000;5:153–158. PubMed

20. O'Brien, E, Waeber, B & Parati, G, et al. Blood pressure measuring devices: recommendations of the European Society of Hypertension. BMJ. 2001;322:531–536. PubMed

21. Dabl Education Trust web site. http://www.dableducational.com. Accessed September 5, 2008.

22. Pickering, T. Recommendations for the use of home (self and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. American Society of Hypertension Ad Hoc Panel. Am J Hypertens. 1996;9:1–11. PubMed CrossRef

23. Moller, DS, Dideriksen, A & Sorensen, S, et al. Accuracy of telemedical home blood pressure measurement in the diagnosis of hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2003;17:549–554. PubMed CrossRef

24. Appel, LJ, Moore, TJ, Obarzanek, E, etal & the DASH Collaborative Research Group, . A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1117–1124. PubMed CrossRef

25. Bangalore, S, Messerli, FH & Kostis, JB, et al. Cardiovascular protection using beta-blockers. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:563–572. PubMed

26. Pasternak, RC, Abrams, J & Greenland, P, et al. Task force #1 – identification of coronary heart disease risk: is there a detection gap? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1863–1874. PubMed CrossRef

Chapter 12 – CVD Prevention in Women

1. American Heart Association: Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics – 2008 Update. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association; 2007.

2. Strong, K, Mathers, C, Leeder, S & Beaglehole, R. Preventing chronic diseases: how many lives can we save? Lancet. 2005;366:1578–1582. PubMed

3. Mosca, L, Banka, CL & Benjamin, EJ, et al. Evidence-Based Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women: 2007 Update. Circulation. 2007;115:1481–1501. PubMed

4. Yusuf, S, Hawken, S & Ôunpuu, S, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case–control study. Lancet. 2004;364:937–952. PubMed

5. Women, World Heart Federation WebSite. http://www.worldheart.org/awareness-women.php.

6. Graham, I, Atar, D & Borch-Johnsen, K. European Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. Eur J Cardiovasc Prevent Rehab. 2007;14:1–40.

7. Gu, K, Cowie, CC & Harris, MI. Diabetes and decline in heart disease mortality in the US adults. JAMA. 1999;281:1291–1297. PubMed

8. Gregg, EW, Gu, Q & Cheng, YJ, et al. Mortality trends in men and women with diabetes, 1971 to 2000. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:149–155. PubMed

9. Mosca, L, Mochari, H & Christian, A, et al. National Study of Women's Awareness, Preventive Action, and Barriers to Cardiovascular Health. Circulation. 2006;113:525–534. PubMed

10. Leon, AS, Franklin, BA & Costa, F, et al. Cardiac Rehabilitation and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2005;111:369–376. PubMed

11. Thomas, M, King, K, Lui, N, Oldridge, I, Piña, J & Spertus, R, et al. Grady AACVPR/ACC/AHA 2007 Performance Measures on Cardiac Rehabilitation for Referral to and Delivery of Cardiac Rehabilitation/Secondary Prevention Services Endorsed by the American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Sports Medicine, American Physical Therapy Association, Canadian Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation, European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, Inter-American Heart Foundation, National Association of Clinical Nurse Specialists, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:1400–1433. PubMed CrossRef

12. Grundy, SM, Cleeman, JI, Bairey Merz, CN, etal & the Coordinating Committee of the National Cholesterol Education Program, , and Endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, American College of Cardiology Foundation, and American Heart Association. Implications of Recent Clinical Trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. Circulation. 110:227–239. PubMed

13. Ridker, PM, Cook, NR & Lee, I-M, et al. A randomized trial of low dose aspirin in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. N Eng J Med. 2005;352:1293–1304. CrossRef

14. Graham, I, Atar, D & Borch-Johnsen, K, et al. European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice: full text. Eur J Cardiovasc Prevent Rehab. 2007;14(Suppl. 2):S1–S113. CrossRef

15. Redberg, RF, Cannon, RO & Bairey Merz, N, et al. Women's ischemic syndrome evaluation. Current Status and Future Research Directions: Report of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Workshop: October 2–4, 2002: Section 2: Stable Ischemia: Pathophysiology and Gender Differences. Circulation. 2004;109:e47–e49. PubMed

16. Wenger, NK. Preventing cardiovascular disease in women: An update. Clin Cardiol. 2008;31:109–113. PubMed CrossRef

17. Lee, WI, Cheung, AM & Cape, D, et al. Impact of diabetes on coronary artery disease in women and men: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:962–968. PubMed CrossRef

18. Carney, RM, Blumenthal, JA, Freedland, KE, etal & the ENRICHD Investigators, . Depression and late mortality after myocardial infarction in the Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease (ENRICHD) study. Psychosom Med. 2004;66:466–474. PubMed

Chapter 13 – Heart Failure

1. Hunt, SA, Abraham, WT & Chin, MH, et al. ACC/AHA Update of the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult. J Am Coll Cardiol. Circulation. 2005;112:e154–e235. PubMed

2. Bonow, RO, Bennett, S, Casey, DE Jr, Ganiats, TG, Hlatky, MA & Konstam, MA, et al., American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures, Heart Failure Society of America. ACC/AHA Clinical Performance Measures for Adults with Chronic Heart Failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures (Writing Committee to Develop Heart Failure Clinical Performance Measures): endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation. 2005;112(12):1853–1887. PubMed

3. Radford, MJ, Arnold, JM, Bennett, SJ, Cinquegrani, MP, Cleland, JG & Havranek, EP, et al., American College of C, American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Data S, American College of Chest Physicians, International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation, Heart Failure Society of America. ACC/AHA key data elements and definitions for measuring the clinical management and outcomes of patients with chronic heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Data Standards (Writing Committee to Develop Heart Failure Clinical Data Standards): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation. 2005;112(12):1888–1916. PubMed

4. McMurray, J & Swedberg, K. Treatment of chronic heart failure: a comparison between the major guidelines. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(15):1773–1777. PubMed CrossRef

Chapter 14 – Cardiomyopathies

1. Maron, BJ, Towbin, JA, Thiene, G, Antzelevitch, C, Corrado, D & Arnett, D, et al. Contemporary definitions and classification of the Cardiomyopathies. An American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council of Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2006;113:1807–1816. PubMed

2. Elliott, P, Andersson, B, Arbustini, E, Bilinska, Z, Cecchi, F & Charron, P, et al. Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European society of cardiology working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases. Eur Heart J. Oct 4, 2007;e1–e6, advance access.

3. Richardson, P, McKenna, W, Bristow, M, Maisch, B, Mautner, B & O'Connell, J, et al. Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of Cardiomyopathies. Circulation. 1996;93:841–842. PubMed

Chapter 15 – Atrial Fibrillation

1. Sopher, SM & Camm, AJ. Therapy for atrial fibrillation: control of the ventricular response and prevention of recurrence. Coron Artery Dis. 1995;6(2):106–114. PubMed CrossRef

2. Gallagher, MM & Camm, J. Classification of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82(7):18N–28N. PubMed CrossRef

3. Feinberg, WM, Cornell, ES, Nightingale, SD, Pearce, LA, Tracy, RP, Hart, RG & Bovill, EG. Relationship between prothrombin activation fragment F1.2 and international normalized ratio in patients with atrial fibrillation. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Stroke. 1997;28(6):1101–1106. PubMed

4. Kannel, WB, Abbott, RD, Savage, DD & McNamara, PM. Coronary heart disease and atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J. 1983;106(2):389–396. PubMed CrossRef

5. Fuster, V, Rydén, LE, Cannom, DS, Crijns, HJ, Curtis, AB & Ellenbogen, KA, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation–executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(79):1979–2030. PubMed CrossRef

6. Rensma, PL, Allessie, MA, Lammers, WJ, Bonke, FI & Schalij, MJ. Length of excitation wave and susceptibility to reentrant atrial arrhythmias in normal conscious dogs. Circ Res. 1988;62(2):395–410. PubMed

7. Cox, JL, Canavan, TE, Schuessler, RB, Cain, ME, Lindsay, BD & Stone, C, et al. The surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. II. Intraoperative electrophysiologic mapping and description of the electrophysiologic basis of atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1991;101(3):406–426. PubMed

8. Ramanna, H, Hauer, RN, Wittkampf, FH, de Bakker, JM, Wever, EF & Elvan, A, et al. Identification of the substrate of atrial vulnerability in patients with idiopathic atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2000;101(9):995–1001. PubMed

9. Nakao, K, Seto, S, Ueyama, C, Matsuo, K, Komiya, N, Isomoto, S & Yano, K. Extended distribution of prolonged and fractionated right atrial electrograms predicts development of chronic atrial fibrillation in patients with idiopathic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2002;13(10):996–1002. PubMed CrossRef

10. Sakabe, K, Fukuda, N, Soeki, T, Shinohara, H, Tamura, Y & Wakatsuki, T, et al. Relation of age and sex to atrial electrophysiological properties in patients with no history of atrial fibrillation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003;26(5):1238–1244. PubMed CrossRef

11. Hylek, EM & Singer, DE. Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage in outpatients taking warfarin. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120(11):897–902. PubMed

12. Odén, A, Fahlén, M & Hart, RG. Optimal INR for prevention of stroke and death in atrial fibrillation: a critical appraisal. Thromb Res. 2006;117(5):493–499. PubMed CrossRef

13. Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154(13):1449–1457. PubMed CrossRef

14. Hart, RG, Benavente, O, McBride, R & Pearce, LA. Antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131(7):492–501. PubMed

15. Niwano, S, Wakisaka, Y, Kojima, J, Yumoto, Y, Inuo, K & Hara, H, et al. Monitoring the progression of the atrial electrical remodeling in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Circ J. 2003;67(2):133–138. PubMed CrossRef

16. Grogan, M, Smith, HC, Gersh, BJ & Wood, DL. Left ventricular dysfunction due to atrial fibrillation in patients initially believed to have idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1992;69(19):1570–1573. PubMed CrossRef

17. Asinger, RW, Koehler, J, Pearce, LA, Zabalgoitia, M, Blackshear, JL & Fenster, PE, et al. Pathophysiologic correlates of thromboembolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: II. Dense spontaneous echocardiographic contrast (The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation [SPAF-III] study). J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1999;12(12): 1088–1196. PubMed CrossRef

18. Zabalgoitia, M, Halperin, JL, Pearce, LA, Blackshear, JL, Asinger, RW & Hart, RG. Transesophageal echocardiographic correlates of clinical risk of thromboembolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31(7):1622–1626. PubMed CrossRef

19. Cushman, M, Psaty, BM, Macy, E, Bovill, EG, Cornell, ES, Kuller, LH & Tracy, RP. Correlates of thrombin markers in an elderly cohort free of clinical cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996;16(9):1163–9. PubMed

20. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators: a differential effect of aspirin in the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 1993;3:181–188.

21. Goldberg, RJ, Yarzebski, J, Lessard, D, Wu, J & Gore, JM. Recent trends in the incidence rates of and death rates from atrial fibrillation complicating initial acute myocardial infarction: a community-wide perspective. Am Heart J. 2002;143(3):519–527. PubMed CrossRef

22. Tsai, LM, Lin, LJ, Teng, JK & Chen, JH. Prevalence and clinical significance of left atrial thrombus in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol. 1997;58(2):163–169. PubMed CrossRef

23. Herweg, B, Dalal, P, Nagy, B & Schweitzer, P. Power spectral analysis of heart period variability of preceding sinus rhythm before initiation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82(7):869–874. PubMed CrossRef

24. Hagens, VE, Ranchor, AV, Van Sonderen, E, Bosker, HA, Kamp, O & Tijssen, JG, et al. Effect of rate or rhythm control on quality of life in persistent atrial fibrillation. Results from the Rate Control Versus Electrical Cardioversion (RACE) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(2):241–247. PubMed CrossRef

25. Konings, KT, Kirchhof, CJ, Smeets, JR, Wellens, HJ, Penn, OC & Allessie, MA. High-density mapping of electrically induced atrial fibrillation in humans. Circulation. 1994;89(4):1665–1680. PubMed

26. AFFIRM First Antiarrhythmic Drug Substudy Investigators. Maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation: an AFFIRM substudy of the first antiarrhythmic drug. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(1):20–29. PubMed CrossRef

27. van Gelder, IC, Crijns, HJ, Tieleman, RG, Brügemann, J, De Kam, PJ & Gosselink, AT, et al. Chronic atrial fibrillation. Success of serial cardioversion therapy and safety of oral anticoagulation. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156(22):2585–2592. PubMed CrossRef

28. Singh, BN, Connolly, SJ, Crijns, HJ, Roy, D, Kowey, PR & Capucci, A, et al. Dronedarone for maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation or flutter. N Engl J Med 2007;357(10):987–999. PubMed CrossRef

Chapter 16 – Supraventricular Arrhymthias

1. Glatter, KA, Cheng, J & Dorostkar, P, et al. Electrophysiologic effects of adenosine in patients with supraventricular tachycardia. Circulation. 1999;99:1034–1040. PubMed

2. Glatter, KA, Dorostkar, PC & Yang, Y, et al. Electrophysiological effects of ibutilide in patients with accessory pathways. Circulation. 2001;104:1933–1939. PubMed

3. Ho, DS, Zecchin, RP & Richards, DA, et al. Double-blind trial of lignocaine vs. sotalol for acute termination of spontaneous sustained ventricular tachycardia. Lancet. 1994;344:18–23. PubMed CrossRef

4. Sharma, AD, Klein, GJ & Yee, R. Intravenous adenosine triphosphate during wide QRS complex tachycardia: safety, therapeutic efficacy, and diagnostic utility. Am J Med. 1990;88:337–343. PubMed CrossRef

5. Cossu, SF & Steinberg, JS. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias involving the sinus node: clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1998;41:51–63. PubMed

6. Man, KC, Knight, B & Tse, HF, et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of inappropriate sinus tachycardia guided by activation mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:451–457. PubMed CrossRef

7. Lin, D, Garcia, F, Jacobson, J, Gerstenfeld, EP, Dixit, S & Verdino, R, et al. Use of noncontact mapping and saline-cooled ablation catheter for sinus node modification in medically refractory inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2007;30:236–242. PubMed CrossRef

8. Goya, M, Iesaka, Y & Takahashi, A, et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation for sinoatrial node re-entrant tachycardia: electrophysiologic features of ablation sites. Jpn Circ J. 1999;63:177–183. PubMed CrossRef

9. Tendera, M, Wnuk-Wojnar, AM & Kulakowski, P, et al. Efficacy and safety of dofetilide in the prevention of symptomatic episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: a 6-month double-blind comparison with propafenone and placebo. Am Heart J. 2001; 142:93–98. PubMed CrossRef

10. Anderson, JL, Platt, ML & Guarnieri, T, et al., for the Flecainide Supraventricular Tachycardia Study Group. Flecainide acetate for paroxysmal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Am J Cardiol. 1994;74:578–584. PubMed CrossRef

11. Wanless, RS, Anderson, K & Joy, M, et al. Multicenter comparative study of the efficacy and safety of sotalol in the prophylactic treatment of patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Am Heart J. 1997;133:441–446. PubMed CrossRef

12. Study, UKPropafenone PSVT Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of propafenone in the prophylaxis of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 1995;92:2550–2557. PubMed

13. Alboni, P, Tomasi, C & Menozzi, C, et al. Efficacy and safety of out-of hospital self-administered single-dose oral drug treatment in the management of infrequent, well-tolerated paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:548–553. PubMed CrossRef

14. Scheinman, MM & Huang, S. The 1998 NASPE prospective catheter ablation registry. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2000;23:1020–1028. PubMed CrossRef

15. Clague, JR, Dagres, N & Kottkamp, H, et al. Targeting the slow pathway for atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia: initial results and long-term follow-up in 379 consecutive patients. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:82–88. PubMed

16. Bogun, F, Knight, B & Weiss, R, et al. Slow pathway ablation in patients with documented but noninducible paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28:1000–1004. PubMed

17. Kimman, GP, Bogaard, MD, van Hemel, NM, Van Dessel, PF, Jessurun, ER & Boersma, LV, et al. Ten year follow-up after radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia in the early days forever cured, or a source for new arrhythmias? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2005;28:1302–1309. PubMed CrossRef

18. De Sisti, A, Tonet, J, Barakett, N, Lacotte, J, Leclercq, JF & Frank, R. Transvenous cryo-ablation of the slow pathway for the treatment of atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia: a single-centre initial experience study. Europace. 2007;9:401–406. PubMed CrossRef

19. Gupta, D, Al-Lamee, RK, Earley, MJ, Kistler, P, Harris, SJ & Nathan, AW, et al. Cryoablation compared with radiofrequency ablation for atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia: analysis of factors contributing to acute and follow-up outcome. Europace. 2006;8:1022–1026. PubMed CrossRef

20. Katritsis, DG. Upper and lower common pathways in atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2007;30:1305–1308. PubMed CrossRef

21. Villain, E, Vetter, VL & Garcia, JM, et al. Evolving concepts in the management of congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia: a multicenter study. 1990;Circulation. 81:1544–1549. PubMed

22. Scheinman, MM, Gonzalez, RP & Cooper, MW, et al. Clinical and electrophysiologic features and role of catheter ablation techniques in adult patients with automatic atrioventricular junctional tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1994;74:565–572. PubMed CrossRef

23. Hamdan, M, Van Hare, GF & Fisher, W, et al. Selective catheter ablation of the tachycardia focus in patients with non re-entrant junctional tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78:1292–1297. PubMed CrossRef

24. Page, RL, Pritchett, EL, Connolly, S & Wilkinson, WE: SVA-4 Investigators. Azimilide for the treatment of atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: results of a randomized trial and insights on the concordance of symptoms and recurrent arrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2008;19:172–177. PubMed CrossRef

25. Huang, H, Wang, X, Ouyang, F & Antz, M. Catheter ablation of anteroseptal accessory pathway in the non-coronary aortic sinus. Europace. 2006;12:1041–1044. CrossRef

26. Davis, DR, Tang, AS, Birnie, DH & Gollob, MH. Successful ablation of a concealed parahisian accessory pathway using a remote magnetic navigation system following failure by conventional methods. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2006;16:149–151. PubMed CrossRef

27. Grossmann, G, Stiller, P, Hombach, V & Stiller, S. Cryoablation of an anteroseptal accessory pathway. Clin Res Cardiol. 2007;96:56–59. PubMed CrossRef

28. Ho, I, d'Avila, A, Ruskin, J & Mansour, M. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Percutaneous epicardial mapping and ablation of a posteroseptal accessory pathway. Circulation. 2007;115:e418–421. PubMed

29. Kistler, PM, Roberts-Thomson, KC & Haqqani, HM, et al. P-wave morphology in focal atrial tachycardia: development of an algorithm to predict the anatomic site of origin. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1010–1017. PubMed CrossRef

30. Wang, Y, Cuculich, PS, Woodard, PK, Lindsay, BD & Rudy, Y. Focal atrial tachycardia after pulmonary vein isolation: noninvasive mapping with electrocardiographic imaging (ECGI). Heart Rhythm. 2007;4:1081–1084. PubMed CrossRef

31. Markowitz, SM, Nemirovksy, D & Stein, KM, et al. Adenosine-insensitive focal atrial tachycardia: evidence for de novo microreentry in the human atrium. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1324–1333. PubMed CrossRef

32. Raatikainen, MJ & Huikuri, HV. Successful catheter ablation of focal atrial tachycardia from the non–coronary aortic cusp. Europace 2007;9:216–219. PubMed CrossRef

33. Singh, BN, Connolly, SJ & Crijns, HJ, et al.; EURIDIS and ADONIS Investigators. Dronedarone for maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation or flutter. N Engl J Med 2007;357:987–999. PubMed CrossRef

34. Kafkas, NV, Patsilinakos, SP & Mertzanos, GA, et al. Conversion efficacy of intravenous ibutilide compared with intravenous amiodarone in patients with recent-onset atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. Int J Cardiol. 2007;118:321–325. PubMed CrossRef

35. Da Costa, A, Thévenin, J & Roche, F, et al.; Loire-Ardèche-Drôme-Isère-Puy-de Dôme Trial of Atrial Flutter Investigators. Results from the Loire-Ardèche-Drôme-Isère-Puy-de Dôme (LADIP) trial on atrial flutter, a multicentric prospective randomized study comparing amiodarone and radiofrequency ablation after the first episode of symptomatic atrial flutter. Circulation. 2006;114:1676–1681. PubMed

36. Chinitz, JS, Gerstenfeld, EP, Marchlinski, FE & Callans, DJ. Atrial fibrillation is common after ablation of isolated atrial flutter during long-term follow-up. Heart Rhythm. 2007;4:1029–1033. PubMed

37. Meissner, A, Christ, M & Maagh, P, et al. Quality of life and occurrence of atrial fibrillation in long-term follow-up of common type atrial flutter ablation: ablation with irrigated 5 mm tip and conventional 8 mm tip electrodes. Clin Res Cardiol. 2007;96:794–802. PubMed CrossRef

38. Burkart, TA, Kron, J, Miles, WM, Conti, JB & Gonzalez, MD. Successful termination of atrial flutter by ibutilide during pregnancy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2007;30:283–286. PubMed

39. Kanjwal, Y, Kosinski, D, Kanj, M, Thomas, W & Grubb, B. Successful radiofrequency catheter ablation of left lateral accessory pathway using transseptal approach during pregnancy. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2005;13:239–242. PubMed CrossRef

40. Bombelli, F, Lagona, F, Salvati, A, Catalfamo, L, Ferrari, AG & Pappone, C. Radiofrequency catheter ablation in drug refractory maternal supraventricular tachycardias in advanced pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:1171–1173. PubMed

Chapter 17 – Ventricular Arrythmias

1. Gregoratos, G, Abrams, J & Epstein, AE, et al. ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 guidelines update for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmia devices: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/NASPE Committee to Update the 1998 Pacemaker Guidelines). Circulation. 2002;106:2145–2161. PubMed

2. Antman, EM, Anbe, DT & Armstrong, PW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction; a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:E1–211. PubMed CrossRef

3. Priori, SG, Aliot, E & Blomstrom-Lundqvist, C, et al. Task Force on Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:1374–1450. PubMed CrossRef

4. Priori, SG, Aliot, E & Blomstrom-Lundqvist, C, et al. Update of the guidelines on sudden cardiac death of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:13–15. PubMed CrossRef

5. Nieminen, MS, Bohm, M & Cowie, MR, et al. Executive summary of the guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of acute heart failure: the Task Force on Acute Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:384–416. PubMed CrossRef

6. Swedberg, K, Cleland, J & Dargie, H, et al. Executive summary of the guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure: the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of Chronic Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2005;11:1115–1140.

7. Hunt, SA. ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46. PubMed

8. Vardas, PE, Auricchio, A, Blanc, JJ, Daubert, JC, Drexler, H & Ector, H, et al. European Society of Cardiology; European Heart Rhythm Association. Guidelines for cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. The Task Force for Cardiac Pacing and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association. Europace. 2007;9(10):959–998. PubMed CrossRef

9. Myerburg, RJ, Interian, A JR & Mitrani, RM, et al. Frequency of sudden cardiac death and profiles of risk. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80:10F–19F. PubMed CrossRef

10. Chow, T, Kereiakes, DJ & Bartone, C, et al. Prognostic utility of microvolt T-wave alternans in risk stratification of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:1820–1827. PubMed

11. Bloomfield, DM, Steinman, RC & Namerow, PB, et al. Microvolt T-wave alternans distinguishes between patients likely and patients not likely to benefit from implanted cardiac defibrillator therapy: a solution to the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial (MADIT) II conundrum. Circulation. 2004;110:1885–1889. PubMed

12. Haissaguerre, M, Shoda, M & Jais, P, et al. Mapping and ablation of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Circulation. 2002;106:962–967. PubMed

13. Haissaguerre, M, Extramiana, F & Hocini, M, et al. Mapping and ablation of ventricular fibrillation associated with long-QT and Brugada syndromes. Circulation. 2003;108:925–928. PubMed

14. The American Heart Association in Collaboration with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Part 6: advanced cardiovascular life support: section 7: algorithm approach to ACLS emergencies: section 7A: principles and practice of ACLS. Circulation. 2000;102:I136–I139. PubMed

15. The American Heart Association in Collaboration with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Part 6: advanced cardiovascular life support: Section 5: Pharmacology I: agents for arrhythmias. Circulation. 2000;102:I112–I128. PubMed

16. Bigger, JT Jr. Prophylactic use of implanted cardiac defibrillators in patients at high risk for ventricular arrhythmias after coronary-artery bypass graft surgery. Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) Patch Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1569–1575. PubMed

17. Jr, Cook, Flack, JE & Gregory, CA, et al. Influence of the preoperative signal-averaged electrocardiogram on left ventricular function after coronary artery bypass graft surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. The CABG Patch Trial. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:285–289. PubMed

18. Moss, AJ, Hall, WJ & Cannom, DS, et al. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1933–1940. PubMed CrossRef

19. Buxton, AE, Lee, KL & DiCarlo, L, et al. Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in coronary artery disease: relation to inducible sustained ventricular tachycardia. MUSTT Investigators. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125:35–39. PubMed

20. Buxton, AE, Lee, KL & DiCarlo, L, et al. Electrophysiologic testing to identify patients with coronary artery disease who are at risk for sudden death. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1937–1945. PubMed

21. Buxton, AE, Lee, KL & Fisher, JD, et al. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1882–1890. PubMed

22. Moss, AJ, Zareba, W & Hall, WJ, et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:877–883. PubMed CrossRef

23. Salukhe, TV, Dimopoulos, K, Sutton, R, Coats, AJ, Piepoli, M & Francis, DP. Life-years gained from defibrillator implantation: markedly nonlinear increase during 3 years of follow-up and its implications. Circulation. 2004;109(15):1848–1853. PubMed

24. Wilber, DJ, Zareba, W, Hall, WJ, Brown, MW, Lin, AC, Andrews, ML, Burke, M & Moss, AJ. Time dependence of mortality risk and defibrillator benefit after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2004;109(9):1082–1084. PubMed

25. Hohnloser, SH, Kuck, KH, Dorian, P, Roberts, RS, Hampton, JR & Hatala, R, et al. DINAMIT Investigators. Prophylactic use of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(24):2481–2488. PubMed CrossRef

26. The Antiarrhythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators. A comparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1576–1583. PubMed CrossRef

27. Kuck, KH, Cappato, R & Siebels, J, et al. Randomized comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest: the Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg (CASH). Circulation. 2000;102:748–754. PubMed

28. Connolly, SJ, Gent, M & Roberts, RS, et al. Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study (CIDS): a randomized trial of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator against amiodarone. Circulation. 2000;101:1297–1302. PubMed

29. Connolly, SJ, Hallstrom, AP & Cappato, R, et al. Meta-analysis of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator secondary prevention trials. AVID, CASH and CIDS studies. Antiarrhythmics vs Implantable Defibrillator study. Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg. Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study. Eur Heart J. 2000;21:2071–2078. PubMed

30. Cairns, JA, Connolly, SJ & Roberts, R, et al. Randomised trial of outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with frequent or repetitive ventricular premature depolarisations: CAMIAT. Canadian Amiodarone Myocardial Infarction Arrhythmia Trial Investigators. Lancet. 1997; 349:675–682. PubMed

31. Julian, DG, Camm, AJ & Frangin, G, et al. Randomised trial of effect of amiodarone on mortality in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction after recent myocardial infarction: EMIAT. European Myocardial Infarct Amiodarone Trial Investigators. Lancet. 1997;349:667–674. PubMed CrossRef

32. Boutitie, F, Boissel, JP, Connolly, SJ, Camm, AJ, Cairns, JA & Julian, DG, et al. Amiodarone interaction with beta-blockers: analysis of the merged EMIAT (European Myocardial Infarct Amiodarone Trial) and CAMIAT (Canadian Amiodarone Myocardial Infarction Trial) databases. The EMIAT and CAMIAT Investigators. Circulation. 1999;4;99(17):2268–2275. PubMed

33. Trials, Amiodarone Meta-Analysis Investigators. Effect of prophylactic amiodarone on mortality after acute myocardial infarction and in congestive heart failure: meta-analysis of individual data from 6500 patients in randomised trials. Lancet. 1997;350:1417–1424. PubMed CrossRef

34. Connolly, SJ, Dorian, P & Roberts, RS, et al. Comparison of beta-blockers, amiodarone plus beta-blockers, or sotalol for prevention of shocks from implantable cardioverter defibrillators: the OPTIC Study: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;295:165–171. PubMed

35. Strickberger, SA, Hummel, JD & Bartlett, TG, et al. Amiodarone versus implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: randomized trial in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and asymptomatic nonsustained ventricular tachycardia – AMIOVIRT. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1707–1712. PubMed CrossRef

36. Bardy, GH, Lee, KL, Mark, DB, Poole, JE, Packer, DL & Boineau, R, et al. Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT) Investigators. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(3):225–237. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2005;352(20):2146. PubMed

37. Grimm, W, Alter, P & Maisch, B. Arrhythmia risk stratification with regard to prophylactic implantable defibrillator therapy in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Results of MACAS, DEFINITE, and SCD-HeFT. Herz. 2004;29:348–352. PubMed CrossRef

38. Kadish, A, Dyer, A & Daubert, JP, et al. Prophylactic defibrillator implantation in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2151–2158. PubMed CrossRef

39. Liberthson, RR. Sudden death from cardiac causes in children and young adults. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1039–1044. PubMed CrossRef

40. McKenna, WJ & Behr, ER. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: management, risk stratification, and prevention of sudden death. Heart. 2002;87:169–176. PubMed CrossRef

41. Maron, BJ, McKenna, WJ & Danielson, GK, et al. American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology clinical expert consensus document on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42:1687–1713. PubMed CrossRef

42. Maron, BJ. Risk stratification and prevention of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cardiol Rev. 2002;10:173–181. PubMed CrossRef

43. Maron, BJ, Shen, WK & Link, MS, et al. Efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for the prevention of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:365–373. PubMed CrossRef

44. McKenna, WJ, Thiene, G & Nava, A, et al. Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Task Force of the Working Group Myocardial and Pericardial Disease of the European Society of Cardiology and of the Scientific Council on Cardiomyopathies of the International Society and Federation of Cardiology. Br Heart J. 1994;71:215–218. PubMed CrossRef

45. Corrado, D, Leoni, L & Link, MS, et al. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy for prevention of sudden death in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia. Circulation. 2003;108:3084–3091. PubMed

46. Zareba, W, Moss, AJ & Schwartz, PJ, et al. Influence of genotype on the clinical course of the long-QT syndrome. International Long-QT Syndrome Registry Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:960–965. PubMed CrossRef

47. Priori, SG, Schwartz, PJ & Napolitano, C, et al. Risk stratification in the long-QT syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1866–1874. PubMed CrossRef

48. Gaita, F, Giustetto, C & Bianchi, F, et al. Short QT syndrome: a familial cause of sudden death. Circulation 2003;108:965–970. PubMed

49. Brugada, J, Brugada, R & Brugada, P. Determinants of sudden cardiac death in individuals with the electrocardiographic pattern of Brugada syndrome and no previous cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2003;108:3092–3096. PubMed

50. Brugada, P, Brugada, R & Mont, L, et al. Natural history of Brugada syndrome: the prognostic value of programmed electrical stimulation of the heart. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003;14:455–457. PubMed

51. Brugada, P & Brugada, J. Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death: a distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. A multicenter report. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20:1391–1396. PubMed

52. Priori, SG, Napolitano, C & Gasparini, M, et al. Natural history of Brugada syndrome: insights for risk stratification and management. Circulation. 2002;105:1342–1347. PubMed

53. Maron, BJ, Chaitman, BR & Ackerman, MJ, et al. Recommendations for physical activity and recreational sports participation for young patients with genetic cardiovascular diseases. Circulation. 2004;109:2807–2816. PubMed

54. 26th Bethesda Conference: recommendations for determining eligibility for competition in athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities. January 6–7, 1994. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;24:845–899. PubMed

55. Maron, BJ, Araujo, CG & Thompson, PD, et al. Recommendations for pre participation screening and the assessment of cardiovascular disease in masters athletes: an advisory for healthcare professionals from the working groups of the World Heart Federation, the International Federation of Sports Medicine, and the American Heart Association Committee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention. Circulation. 2001;103:327–334. PubMed

56. Roden, DM, Proarrhythmia, Anderson ME., Kass, RS & Clancey, CE, eds. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology: vol. 171. Basis and Treatment of Cardiac Arrhythmias. Boston, MA: Springer Verlag, 2006:288–304.

57. Torp-Pedersen, C, Moller, M & Bloch-Thomsen, PE, et al. Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:857–865. PubMed CrossRef

58. Roden, DM. Drug-induced prolongation of the QT interval. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1013–1022. PubMed CrossRef

Chapter 18 – Valvular Heart Disease

1. Bonow, RO, Carabello, B, de Leon, AC & Edmunds, LH Jr, Fedderly, BJ, Freed, MD & Gaasch, WH, et al. ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:1486–1582. Executive Summary: Circulation. 1998;98:1949–1984.

2. Bonow, RO, Carabello, B, Chatterjee, K, De Leon, AC, Jr, Faxon DP & Freed, MD, et al. ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:e1–e148 and Circulation. 2006;114:e84–e231. Executive Summary: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:589–675 and Circulation. 2006;114:450–527. PubMed

3. Vahanian, A, Baumgartner, H, Bax, J, Butchart, E, Dion, R & Filippatos, G, et al. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease: The Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:230–268. PubMed

4. Wilson, W, Taubert, KA, Gewitz, M, Lockhart, P, Baddour, LM & Levison, M, et al. Prevention of infective endocarditis: recommendations from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007;116:1736–1754 and J Am Dental Assoc. 2007;138:739–760.

5. Nishimura, RA, Carabello, BA, Faxon, DP, Freed, MD, Lytle, BW & O'Gara, PT, et al. ACC/AHA 2008 guideline update on valvular heart disease: focused update on infective endocarditis. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:676–685; Circulation. 2008;118:887–896. PubMed CrossRef

Chapter 20 – Cardiac CT Imaging

1. Budoff, MJ, Achenbach, S, Blumenthal, RS, Carr, JJ, Goldin, JG & Greenland, P, et al. Assessment of coronary artery disease by cardiac computed tomography, a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Committee on Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, and Committee on Cardiac Imaging, Council on Clinical Cardiology. Circulation. 2006;114(16):1761–1791. PubMed

2. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Final Report. NIH Publication No. 02-5215. September 2002.

3. Greenland, P, Bonow, RO, Brundage, BH, Budoff, MJ, Eisenberg, MJ & Grundy, SM, et al. Coronary artery calcium scoring: ACCF/AHA 2007 Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Coronary artery calcium scoring by computed tomography in global cardiovascular risk assessment and in evaluation of patients with chest pain. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:378–402. PubMed CrossRef

4. De Backer, G, Ambrosioni, E & Borch-Johnsen, K, et al.; Third Joint Task Force of European and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:1601–1610. PubMed CrossRef

5. Gershlick, AH, de Belder, M, Chambers, J, Hackett, D, Keal, R & Kelion, A, et al. Role of non-invasive imaging in the management of coronary artery disease: an assessment of likely change over the next 10 years. A report from the British Cardiovascular Society Working Group. Heart. 2007;93:423–431. PubMed CrossRef

6. Schuijf, JD, Bax, JJ, Shaw, LJ, de Roos, A, Lamb, HJ, van der Wall, EE & Wijns, W. Meta-analysis of comparative diagnostic Performance Of magnetic resonance imaging and multi-slice computed tomography For non-invasive coronary angiography. Am Heart J. (in press).

7. Stein, PD, Beemath, A & Kayali, F, et al. Multidetector computed tomography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease: A systematic review. Am J Med. 2006;119:203–216. PubMed CrossRef

8. Gibbons, RJ, Chatterjee, K, Daley, J, Douglas, JS, Fihn, SD & Gardin, JM, et al. ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: executive summary and recommendations. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina). Circulation. 1999;99(21):2829–2848. PubMed

9. Detrano, R, Guerci, AD, Carr, JJ, Bild, DE, Burke, G & Folsom, AR, et al. Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1336–1345. PubMed CrossRef

10. Folsom, AR, Kronmal, R, Detrano, RC, O'Leary, DH, Bild, DE & Bluemke, DA, et al. Coronary artery calcification compared with carotid intima-media thickness in prediction of cardiovascular disease incidence: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Arch Int Med. 2008;168(12):1333–1339. CrossRef

11. Schmermund, A, Mohlenkamp, S & Stang, A, et al. Assessment of clinically silent atherosclerotic disease and established and novel risk factors for predicting myocardial infarction and cardiac death in healthy middle-aged subjects: Rationale and design of the Heinz Nixdorf RECALL Study. Am Heart J. 2002;144:212–218. PubMed CrossRef

12. Raggi, P, Cooil, B & Shaw, L, et al. Progression of coronary calcification on serial electron beam tomography scanning is greater in patients with future myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:827–829. PubMed CrossRef

13. Raggi, P, Callister, TQ & Shaw, LJ. Progression of coronary artery calcium and risk of first myocardial infarction in patients receiving cholesterol-lowering therapy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24(7):1272–1277. PubMed CrossRef

14. Arad, Y, Roth, M & Newstein, D, et al. Coronary calcification, coronary risk factors, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events. The St. Francis Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:158–165. PubMed CrossRef

15. Bluemke, DA, Achenbach, S & Budoff, M, et al. Statement on noninvasive coronary artery imaging: MR angiography and multi-detector ct angiography – a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, Subcommittee on Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Imaging, and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Circulation. 2008;118(5):586–606. PubMed

16. Kramer, CM, Budoff, MJ, Fayad, ZA, Ferrari, VA, Goldman, C & Lesser, JR, et al. ACCF/AHA 2007 clinical competence statement on vascular imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/American College of Physicians Task Force on Clinical Competence and Training: developed in collaboration with the Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and the Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology. Circulation. 2007;116(11):1318–1335. PubMed